Compare Microsoft and VMWare for virtual computing Essay

There are two types of firewalls, there is the in-bound firewall that protects against all things that come into your computer. Then there is the two-way firewall. With this firewall it protects both inbound and outbound threats. This type is used quite often these days. Many computer only have a one-way firewall, but many of them like Zone alarm are two way firewalls. Firewalls are used to block or accept information into your computer that is not a threat. It will either send it to where it needs to be or it will block it if the potential of the file is threatening to your device. A type of firewall is your basic McAfee, which works with Microsoft Corporation on your basic computer it is a program that is already installed into your device. It is a virus protector that works with your computers already installed firewall to keep out and potential harmful viruses or threats to your computer. You can do basic setting for the firewall or you can put it to your liking to make sure of no type of threats can enter your computer. With the security of a computer it can get very complicating. You have to make sure you are aware of what you are using and how it operates in your system. In today’s society there are a million anti-virus software programs. Many of them have free versions and some just have trail versions you can test drive before buying the full version. McAfee and Norton have trail versions you can sample before getting the full version. With Panda, AVG, and other anti-virus programs they have a free version and full upgraded version you can use. When it comes to viruses and the types that get put onto your computer there are many of them. For example: the Trojan Horse, it is put into your computer by saying it is good for file converting or cleaning a system out, when it is really putting bad programs into your computer along with spyware and other potentially harmful programs. Just like when you go into your email and you see an email with a suspicious name, you click it and it automatically downloads something into your computer and you computers starts to malfunction. When it does this it is because the files that were put on your computer are basically eating up you memory. It is extremely important to keep your computers malware and anti-virus programs up to date to prevent any type of program getting into your system. When you back up a system you have different types of backups you can use. For instances you have your full back up which is where you can back up all your information onto a DVD-R or DVD-RW, so you can recover your system at a later time is it crashes or is lost. You should also look at your back up disks periodically to make sure they are in good form if needed to be used. You also have your deferential back up is where you can select certain things to back up and incremental back up is where your computer sets up a certain time after you have put so much into your system to back it up for later use if needed. Checking back up disks are extremely important to check as well to make sure that they are able to be used on the future. Also it is really important to burn your files to a disk not on your hard drive in case they are lost or damaged. Five passwords that are good to use in the way of remembering and using are, â€Å"Bab1eg1r!†, â€Å"Crazy8ight$†, â€Å"GoP!a1†, or â€Å"Playf00!† They can be used to help protect your passwords by replacing a letter by a number and capitalizing some of the other letters that you choose to use, along with using symbols of some sort. Another way of using passwords is using movie titles and shorting them to remember for instance, the day I left your mother to make our love stronger could be shortened by using the first letters of each word like this, â€Å"Tdilymtmols.† Also I can count the ways I love you, â€Å"Icctwily.† Many times the world went around, â€Å"mttwwa†. Honey I shrunk the kids,†Histk†. I love the way you love me, â€Å"iltwylm.† Many of my passwords were very strong in the aspect of how I wrote them. Passwords are very important and they have a good use to them. To keep people out of your system and protect you information as well as identity you really need to choose wisely and carefully on what ones you use.

Adult Antisocial Behavior

The Antisocial Personal Disorder or APD is recognized to be a psychological mental health problem and is deemed to cause certain kinds of behavior in an individual.   Although the effect of this mental illness in a person would greatly vary, the disorder is said to result to violent tendencies, like destructive behavior even committing crimes like rape or murder.There are of course interventions that can be applied to suppress its impacts on children and adult, and there are early warning signs that can be detected that signals personal affliction of the ailment. (McCord and Tremblay, 1992) The inability to prevent this disorder from early childhood can result to the sustaining of the disorder until adulthood, which can lead to violent outcomes.   The antisocial disorder can be more common that what is usually perceived, as there are cases when people would be mild psychopaths – those who have violent tendencies, but not as threatening as full-blown psychopaths. (Kantor, 2 006)   How the disorder can affect an individual can be wide and varied, and the capacity for treatment can also be ranged.The prevalent and general feature of the APD is the individual’s indifference or ignorance of other people, and the pattern of such behavior is consistent and sustained, often resulting to violence.   Diagnosis would be dependent of the people surrounding the individual – those who witness his/her behavior – and the childhood history of one’s conduct and attitudes.   (Lykken, 1995)The occurrence of the antisocial personality disorder is higher in males than in females, with 3% and 1% respectively, of the population diagnosed as having the mental disorder.   (Wolman, 1999) Several symptoms serves as red flags that indicate affliction, and these attitudinal indicators can vary widely among individuals.   It would be the consistency of the dysfunctional behavior that would determine if the person is indeed antisocial.The indivi dual’s inability to feel remorse or guilt after committing repetitive dysfunctional attitude would be a strong indicator of antisocial disorder.One of the markers of the antisocial disorder is the constant resort to deceit and manipulation of a person.   Acts of violence and crime are committed without regard for others or care for the law or any other implications or ramifications.   Violating the rights of others is a known characteristic of APD, as with the tendency to lie or steal.   Disregard for others and difficulty to make and maintain friends is common in antisocial individuals.They can also be susceptible to alcoholism, drug dependency, or any other substance abuse, and can be prone to committing acts of violence.  Ã‚   People with the antisocial behavior disorder can experience extreme difficulties in relating with others, or maintaining relationships, as they have little regard for the emotional and physical well-being of others.Other characteristics that would show consistent dysfunctional behavior in terms of the persons capacity to socialize can be an indicator of the disorder.The etiological background of the APD finds some connection to genetics, as the disorder is argued to be something inherited or passed over from parents, although the relationship would only refer to higher probability of occurrence and not the actual genetic transmission of the disorder.   Ultimately, the behavior of the person would be shaped by his/her social environment.The family of the individual with APD can be a strong cause for the development and progression of the disorder.   For one, individuals with fathers that are alcoholics or sociopaths can be said to be more prone to developing the disorder; also, it can cause somatization disorder in females. (Kantor, 2006)Another probable cause of antisocial disorder is the lack of maternal care or a mother, in the first years of the life of the child.   Parents of individuals with the disorder are usually lenient and do not show consistent effort to discipline the child.   Also, these parents displays unbecoming attitude, like alcoholism or abuse, which can impact on the behavior of the child.   Improper rearing can distort the emotional and mental development of a child, and therefore lead to antisocial behavior in adulthood. The Macdonald triad – pyromania, bedwetting, and animal cruelty – is identified by scholars to be a sign of antisocial disorder in people below 18, which can easily be sustained until adulthood. (Heginbotham, 2000)But the true cause of antisocial behavior in adults can be difficult to pinpoint, are prediction and tracing is quite complex and tedious; but the above indicators are noted to be the common characteristics of adults diagnosed with the disorder.In our society, the antisocial behavior disorder is estimated to be found in a certain percentage of the population- with males having more propensities for acquiring the mental diseas e.   Studies show that 5.8% of males are under a lifetime risk of being antisocial, which is significantly higher than the female risk rate. (Wolman, 1999)   For the females, the lifetime risk factor can be present in 1.2% of the population.   Actual prevalence the mental disorder is similarly higher in males, with 3% of the population said to be antisocial, which equates to almost 10 million in the United States. (Wolman, 1999)   The females have a 1% rate of antisocial behavior.Environments where violent is prevalent, like penitentiaries and prisons, are noted to have 75% of the population diagnosed as being antisocial.   This clearly shows that individuals with the antisocial disorder are more likely to commit crimes and be penalized.The treatment of the antisocial behavior would necessitate the mapping of the behavior of the person in able to determine the appropriate therapy or treatment that would be applied.   Although treatment and various social techniques is so mething that is available to people with the disorder, psychologists would claim that conduct disorders would be something that can be resistant to treatment.Treatments of adults with the disorder is especially difficult, can no scientific evidence would prove that certain treatment indeed works.   Therapy and communication training is children can be a more effective tool, as it would prevent development of the behavior.   Exposing a person to social environments and cultivating positive relationships, like a good classroom setting, or more importantly, as healthy family life, can be a long-term deterrent to antisocial behavior.In conclusion, antisocial behavior is a mental disorder that can lead a person to commit acts of violence – how violent it would be can vary to a wide extent – from domestic violence to theft to heinous crimes like rape, murder, and homicide.The absence of remorse or any signs of guilt is cause by APD, and this type of emotional behavior wo uld cause the individual to continuously exhibit dysfunctions in their behavior.   The antisocial disorder is something that can start from early childhood and can be developed to psychopath behavior until adulthood.   Although genetic relationship can also be found, it is basically caused by the environment and situation of a person during his formative years of childhood, which can have massive impacts on behavior later in life.   Individuals with the APD are difficult to interact with, usually always in solitude, irritable, moody, deceptive and manipulative.The disorder can occur in a small percentage of the population, and the prospect for cure or repression can be more effective if intervention would start from the onset of detection, or preferably, from childhood.ReferencesBlack, Donald. (2000). Bad Boys, Bad Men: Confronting Antisocial Personality Disorder. C. Lindon Larson. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Brain, Christine. (2002). Advanced Psychology: Applicati ons, Issues and Perspectives. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes.Heginbotham, Christopher. (2000). Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy: Personal Identity in Mental Disorder. England: Ashgate.Kantor, Martin. (2006). The Psychopathy of Everyday Life: How Antisocial Personality Disorder Affects All of Us. United States: Praeger Publishers.Larsen, Randy, and David Buss. (2008). Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature. Boston: McGraw Hill.

Two methods of determining ABO and Rh groups Essay

Two methods of determining ABO and Rh groups - Essay Example The paper tells that because of Rh and ABO, it is important to be able to chemically identify the different blood types. In the ABO blood group system there are two types of marker that are present on the blood cells. These are type A and type B. If an individual has neither of these markers then they are considered to be type O. Individuals can be of blood type A, B, O or AB, as they inherit one type of marker from each parent. The human body does not produce antibodies for the markers that it contains, but does so for the ones that are not present. This is because the immune system sees the foreign marker as an invader and consequently defends itself against it. Thus, a person with type AB blood does not have antibodies against either A or B markers, and can consequently receive blood from any blood type. However, they also cannot give to any other blood type. In contrast, someone with type O blood can donate blood to any blood type as no antibodies will be raised, and but can rece ive blood only from other type O donors. Another factor that is present in the blood of humans is known as the Rh or rhesus system. This was first discovered through immunization of rabbits with blood that had been obtained from rhesus monkeys. It was found that the antibodies in the rabbit caused the blood to cogulate. Although the Rh system contains around 50 different antigens, five of which are considered to be the most important (D, C, c, E and e), and of these the D antigen is the most relevant. It is often thought to be the most polymorphic blood group system in humans. ... Secondly, the study used antibody screening on two plasma samples to determine the presence of antibodies. Materials and Methods Tube Grouping: Rh (D) and ABO antigens in unknown samples Four agglutinin reagents were to used in this experiment, Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-A,B and Anti-D Alpha. These reagents react directly with the antigens present in red blood by making the cells clump together. Thus, they could be used to determine the blood type of each of the four patients. Sixteen clean test tubes were taken and labelled with patient name (Patient 1, 2, 3 or 4) and one of the four reagents so that for each patient there was a total of four tubes, each labelled with the name of a different reagent. Two drops of the labelled reagent were added to each tube. For each of the four patients, the cell sample was inverted several times to ensure the cells were thoroughly mixed, and then one drop of cells was placed in each of four test tubes for that patient. The cells were incubated at room t emperature for 15 minutes and then examined for agglutination. Ortho ABD and Reverse Cassettes: Rh (D) and ABO antigens in unknown samples For this section of the experiment, the same four patient samples were used. The samples were inverted to mix them and then they were loaded into the cassettes. One cassette was used for each patient and these were labelled. Each cassette had four marked wells, A, B, D and control. In each well 10 Â µl of the respective patient sample was placed. The cassettes were then placed in the Ortho Centrifuge and spun for five minutes, and then the results read. Antibody Screening An Ortho Poly AHG cassette was provided. This had six wells that contained Poly Specific Anti – Human Globulin. Three antibody-screening cells

Shanghai transportation PowerPoint Presentation

Shanghai transportation - PowerPoint Presentation Example ating in Shanghai city and this number is expected to rise in coming years as a result of rapid industrialization and general increase in disposable income associated with the growth of Shanghai’s economy. Motorcycles have increased over the last decade as more people prefer to use them for their convenience in snaking through traffic jams. These together with a staggering 7 million bicycles significantly increase crowding in the city (Dargay et al. 2014). Nanjing road in the city is known to be the most crowded street in the world with various holidays including New Year and Christmas among others being celebrated in it. These attract significant crowds that gather to enjoy fireworks. Shanghai is renowned for the worst rush hour traffic jams that are unmatched in any other Chinese city with a jam index of 2.16. These rush hour jams mainly occur on Monday and Thursday mornings as well as on Friday evening when the jam index as high as 2.3 has been recorded. Express ways have been built to lower the traffic jams but their effect has been minimal (Danielson, 2010). There are special lanes for buses with the city being home for the world’s broadest network of urban bus ways. There are a total of 1,000 bus routes that are run by many transportation firms. The Shanghai metro is a rapid transit system, which is a clever transportation idea comprising subways and light railways reaching all the major urban districts in the city and its suburbs (Chen, 2011). The Shanghai metro lines form the longest rapid rail network with a daily commuter population of over 7 million passengers. The bullet train is a rapid transport system that allows fast movements to and from Shanghai. Public transportation is not affected by airport operations and does not stop 2 miles from the airport as is the case in Los Angeles (Chinese academy of sciences, 2010). Public transport accounts for over 90% of the daily journeys in Shanghai, which is the highest among global cities. China does

Letters Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Letters - Assignment Example When I attempt to toast a bagel or any other type of food, the toasting units only become mildly hot. Rather than glowing red as they typically do, the toaster is unable to even moderately toast the thinnest slice of bread. Although this is a major inconvenience, it also represents a unique safety hazard due to the fact that it requires me to hold down the toasting apparatus until such a time that the pieces of bread or bagel are sufficiently toasted. Accordingly, I tried to return this unit to Target only to be told that I should contact the original manufacturer as a means of attaining a repair or a replacement. I’m perfectly willing for your firm to either repair or replace the toaster, however, I do not want to be responsible for the necessary shipping and handling fees this might incur. Accordingly it is my hope that you will be able to fix this situation in the shortest timeframe possible. Sincerely, James Smith 123 Main Street Anytown USA April 28, 2013 Mark Witte Human Resources Department CKLB Radio Station 111 Bush River Road Columbia, SC 29201 Dear Mr Witte It is come to my attention that there is recently been posting for position of market research analyst for CKLB Radio station. Accordingly, I would like to express my interest in this position and briefly introduce myself as a highly qualified candidate who could appropriately fill such a position. Currently, I’m employed with TV6 as a lead researcher and their marketing department. I’ve been working in this position for a period of around three years and have gained a valuable network of individuals within the local community that I believe would be helpful within the position that you are currently advertising. Ultimately, the position that you described appears to be of mutual benefit both for myself and for your firm. I represent an individual who is talented, motivated, and highly dedicated. My references will be attached to this letter should you have need of conferring upon any professional sources to a test to my level of dedication to work. Although I’m satisfied with the current level of work that I’m performing, the job opportunity that you have recently posted is attractive and represents a unique opportunity for me to branch out and seek to leverage some of my talents with regards to publishing the tasks that would necessarily be part of the job. I sincerely appreciate your time and consideration this matter and look forward to your response in the near future. Sincerely Tom Jones March 15, 2001 Mr. John Smith, Director of Operations SomeGroup Group SomeStreet Drive Sometown, GA 30815 Dear Mr. Smith I am writing with regards to a bicycle purchase that took place from Maritime Sports Equipment on April 1st of 2013. Although I have enjoyed the bicycle exceptionally, the reason that this prompted me to write this letter is with regards to an overcharge that took place when the order was placed. When I made the decision to purchase the bicycle, the list price was $185 plus $25 shipping and handling fee. Accordingly, this represents the total expenditure of $210. However, when I received my bike and my bill from Maritime Sports Equipment, it came to my attention that I was being charged $22.10 in addition to the $210 which has already been noted. Upon examining my receipt to a closer degree, I have been unable to determine what the origin of this additional charge might be. Accordingly, I would kindly request that your firm honor the original agreement that existed via

Idealism versus Naturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Idealism versus Naturalism - Essay Example Gombrich argues that in pursuit of idealism for self-interests, the artists omitted any feature to they did not like to produce ‘†¦an idealized statue that usually lack character and vigour’ (103). Moreover, their desire to portray the true, the good, and the beauty of a real a man - ideal humanistic outlook – resulted in a quite ‘symmetrical, well-built and beautiful statue.' Due to the flawed figures of idealism, Greek artists adopted the naturalist perspective that represents the human form in its natural appearance or realistic look. The proponents of naturalism argue that the idealistic idea was only to add aesthetic value to drawings and sculptures and avoid reality. For instance, in Hermes with Dionysus, Praxiteles portrays the natural gesture of a hairy, wise, loving, caring and anxious man with human quality carrying a playful child (Gombrich 102). Moreover, he curved a younger non-stiff body leaning on a post for balance while maintaining elegance and smooth surfaces. These are realistic features that contrast the idealistic principle of calm and ever-smiling man to reflect an ideal situation of harmony and happiness. Moreover, the height of 3.5 feet tall of the idealistic approach fails to reflect the proper size of a human, 6.9 feet as depicted by Praxiteles. Despite these differences, one similarity of the two approaches is the Contrapposto where the right leg is bent while stepping forward and the left hip elevated to support body weight.

Program Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Program Theory - Assignment Example To successfully carry out evaluation on this program, data collection was very crucial. The research methods that were applied in the data collection process included observation and use of semi-structured interviews by the research assistants (Chen, Wan & Lin, 1997). These two methods fall under the wider qualitative techniques that are deemed efficient in uncovering the people’s experience to different situations. In addition, the data collection methods did not require many participants hence making it less costly to carry out. The main drawback of the research method is the fact that the participation of only a section of the population (residents of Nei-fu) made it hard to draw statistical inferences to the rest of the country. My program the non-infectious diseases reduction program is derived from the Centers for Disease Control whose main goal is to protect public health. The main aim of this program will be to encourage outdoor sports activities meant to keep a person physically fit and free from lifestyle diseases. Some of the components of this particular evaluation that would be useful in my program evaluation are both the process and outcome evaluation. This will help in the determination of the success of implementation of the program based on the observed outcome. It will only be possible to conduct the program evaluation after a specific period of time in order to establish whether participants of the program have been able to adopted healthy lifestyles or behaviors during their engagement in outdoor sporting activities. Since changing a person’s behavior takes a while, the considerable time to conduct the evaluation is after four

Policy Process Theories Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policy Process Theories - Coursework Example Corporate Managers should actively show their support for managing these incidents effectively. Monitoring ensures that the policy in question being implemented is done so effectively. The parties involved will be required to make a decision on how the policy should be checked. The steps to be followed involves: who will do the monitoring? How will one will be able to know whether the system is effective? What does one desire to know and whom will you consult? What data will be used and for how long will it be used. It significance to consider how to maintain the policy lively. At the same come up with the strategies on how new pupils, staff, governors and parents should be made aware (Gornitzka, Kogan,& Amaral,2005). Evaluation can be done through the use of approved data and by consulting some pupils, staff, governors and parents. Results will not always be constant since decline will not often be revealed. Hence, there is need of application of both quantitative and qualitative data. Another theory that could be used is bureaucratic policy approach. This is where the policies are made with those empowered to so by the authority. The psychological distance enables the superiors to make a decision (Edelkamp & Schrödl 2012). Contrary, the theory seems to be rigid since predetermined procedure and process have to be adhered to. Worse still, it only advocates for overreliance on formal control (Gornitzka, Kogan,& Amaral,2005). One of the best methods to solve the complex phenomena is through the use of theories. Theories help organize and describe the complexity. Therefore, policy process researchers should know and understand as well is capable of applying adverse analytical methods that are available to

Nursing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nursing Assignment - Essay Example This paer approves that traditional psoriasis treatment regimens may be augmented with stress-reduction strategies. Hypnosis may improve or resolve numerous dermatoses, including psoriasis. In addition, hypnosis can facilitate aversive therapy and enhance desensitization and other cognitive-behavioural methods. Hypnosis may be a useful therapeutic modality for patients with psoriasis, and merits further testing in a larger patient population. Treatment of depressive symptoms may prove to be a helpful adjunct in the management of pruritis and sleep difficulties in psoriasis. The tricyclic antidepressants imipramine and clomipramine are considered the first-line treatment options for panic disorder. Most CBT treatments can be completed in a few weeks or months. This essay makes a conclusio that the degree of psychosocial distress experienced varies widely in individuals. The effective management of psoriasis includes considering the psychological and social impact of the disease on each individual as well as the physical symptoms. Patients affected with psoriasis also tend to suffer from low self-esteem and poor body image. They suffer guilt, embarrassment, and the fear of being thought dirty and infectious to others. When compared to other skin diseases, the level of stigmatization is greater in patients with psoriasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of psychological counselling and treatment in psoriasis. This can include hypnosis, cognitive-behaviour therapy and relaxation techniques.

Observing the Moon's Phases Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Observing the Moon's Phases - Assignment Example It takes almost one month (twenty seven days) for the moon to go around the earth, in direction relative to the stars; however, the moon takes almost twenty nine days to orbit around the earth relative to the sun; this is because as the moon goes around the earth, the earth at the same time is travelling around the sun; thus the moon will make an extra distance to make one round in regard to the sun (Wlasuk, 5). Looking at the moon at the same time each week and making sketches was of great help in understanding changes, in the moon’s phases, the moon rises from the west and sets east while the sun rises in the east and sets west. From the sketches, the moon moved approximately 92 degrees each week. Twice in the observation month moon appeared, start of the initial week, and the end of the second week; this happened when the moon was fully lit and facing the earth. That usually happens when the earth seats between the sun and the moon (this is referred to as the full moon) and the when the moon is between the earth and the sun (new moon). After one week since the observation of the full moon that occurred when the sun was opposite to the moon and rising in the west, at the exact moment when the sun was setting, the moon entered the quarter moon shape. From the earth, the moon was seen as a half circle because that was the only visible part that was lit. Naturally, that was the last quarter and it appeared after the full moon and before the new moon. After that, the moon became completely dark. This occurred because the moon moved between the sun and the earth and the moon’s side facing the earth darkened. This is referred to as the new moon phase. That phase of the moon was usually not observable. However it was possible to make an outline of the moon as part of the sunlight reflected off the earth and hit the moon. At that point, the sun and the moon were on the same side of sky (Wlasuk, 12). After the new moon, a week later the first quarter pha se of the moon was seen. Other phases of the moon were also seen, these phases developed in between the weeks. After the new moon, the beginning of that week a smaller phase less than half the moon was seen that phase of the moon is referred to as the crescent. Another observation made was that this phase was brighter due to gentle light reflected by the earth. That phase was known as the waxing crescent, and it appeared just after the new moon. The begging of the second week, after the first quarter moon phase, a bigger moon phase than half size of the moon was seen. This phase is referred to as gibbous. Waxing gibbous was a more illuminated and increasing phase of the moon that appeared just before the full moon phase. At the start of the third week, after the full moon phase appeared, gibbous phase reappeared; on the other hand, that phase was less illuminated and decreasing than observed previously. Waning gibbous was seen just after the full moon. After the last quarter of the moon, crescent phase was seen. This phase is known as waning crescent phase as it has decreased illumination and it appeared just before the new moon. In conclusion, it takes about a month for the moon to go around the earth, during this period the moon’s phase changes from fully lit to completely dark and back to full illumination again, moving about 13 degrees every twenty four hours and 92 degrees each week. The first quarter is about 7 days old while the full moon is 14 days old; the last quarter is

Alan Free

Alan Freed and the Payola Scandal Essay In the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, during a time of shifting cultural identity, many Americans who held conservative views found themselves caught in a socio-cultural predicament. The social dynamic of urban communities had begun to change as more African-Americans moved from the Southern United States into the Northern and Western regions of the country. This diaspora meant better jobs and homes for African-Americans and ultimately translated into more spending power among this portion of the population. While many sectors were positively impacted by this increase in African American spending power, participants of exclusionary practices were destined to suffer. An example of this suffering was evident in the music industry where the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) had monopolized the music licensing industry until the Broadcast Music Incorporation was formed and began to provide affordable music licenses to those musicians previously excluded by ASCAP. This development signaled a â€Å"changing of the guard† and the ASCAP found that the change was ultimately not in their favor (Hood-Ancklewicz 3). The individuals who supported and encouraged the proliferation of this social revolution were labeled responsible for the growing lack of â€Å"social stability† and would be contended with under the guise of a quest for morals and justice. In 1959 the House Subcommittee launched an investigation into the existence of rigging in popular game shows and at the urging of ASCAP expanded that probe into the music industry. Given his nonconformist attitude, unapologetic support of rock n’ roll music, interracial dance parties and â€Å"frenzied† stage shows, Alan Freed became the most popular fatality of the payola scandal. Alan Freed was not the only person guilty of accepting â€Å"payola†, but he was among the most visibly linked to the promulgation of rock n’ roll. Alan Freed has been credited with being the first to popularize the title Rock n’Roll in relation to this particular music genre. Additionally, he was the first to encourage integration by hosting wildly successful interracial Rock n’ Roll stage shows with solely African American performers. Freed also made no attempt to control the pandemonium created by his exhilarating lineup of performers, which generally resulted in teens dancing in the aisles, screaming wildly at performers and storming venues for the opportunity to participate by any means necessary. The â€Å"firsts† associated with Freed helped to solidify his image as the Father of Rock n’ Roll and conversely sealed his fate as the scapegoat of the payola scandal. Mainly targeting radio stations and well known deejays and record executives, including Freed, the â€Å"clean cut† Dick Clark and, others linked to the popularization of rock n’ roll music. The payola investigations made radio executives across the nation nervous. Many of the stations began to enact measures to ensure that they would not be implicated in any wrong doing and as a result began to require that their disc jockeys sign disclosure statements, divest themselves of questionable outside interests and cooperate with investigators as necessary. Those disc jockeys that refused to do so were fired. Many deejays resigned some suggesting that payola was as much a part of the system as any other widely held production practice, while others simply confessed to accepting cash and other gifts in exchange for promoting records. Alan Freed refused to sign documents on the moral grounds that doing so would negatively impact his â€Å"reputation for integrity† as a result Freed was fired from the radio station (Segrave 110). Freed admitted that he had accepted valuable gifts but, he explained â€Å"not in front. If I’ve helped somebody, I’ll accept a nice gift but I wouldn’t take a dime to plug a record. I’d be a fool to; I’d be giving up control of my program† (Segrave 80). The end of the payola scandal dawned with Alan Freed disenfranchised from his livelihood. Freed was forced out of the concert promotion business, blacklisted, arrested, fined three hundred dollars and given a six month suspended sentence and though by modern standards this punishment may seem mild, compared to the punishment of other deejays it was among the most calculating and exacting punishments delivered. While some critics argue that the scandal did not end Freed’s career it is clear that â€Å"justice† was not doled out equally among all offenders (Palmer 136). Dick Clark, who was also investigated, was questioned about outside interests that he held with various publication houses, record presses, talent firms, etc. Clark minimized the number of investments reported to the committee, his employers supported his claims that he had divested those interests. Following the investigation it was learned that the claims of divestment were not only false but that Clark had also deflated the number reported to the subcommittee. Clark was ultimately exonerated and never seemed to be in any real danger of losing his livelihood, while Alan Freed was left destitute (Segrave 110). By many accounts Freed’s success in the music industry was instantaneous and was bolstered by the unwavering support of his interracial teen audience. In 1952 when Freed held the Moondog Coronation Ball an estimated 30,000 teens stormed the venue causing the event to be closed down by the local police department. Soon after this incident Freed took his stage shows on tour and was arrested and charged with inciting a riot after a similar occurrence in Boston. Freed moved from Ohio to New York where his success continue to grow exponentially (Palmer 23). Of note among Freed’s perceived â€Å"shortcomings† was the fact that all of Freed’s performers were African-American and even when â€Å"sanitized† versions of African-American songs were available Freed still preferred and continued to promote the original versions (Palmer 136-139). The image of rock n’ roll (leather jackets and sideburns) upset the sensibilities of larger society and as a result when the investigations into payola, a practice that had existed in various formats for years, became public knowledge and the House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight had the support and the fuel necessary to effect change, Alan Freed became target number one. Rock n’ roll was shunned by the more conservative personalities in American society and as a result was blamed for many societal ills. Few expected the genre to last, disgusted by the lack of perceived merit in the rock n’ roll genre, many of the ASCAP members and conservative American public denied its â€Å"staying power†. In her1956 article for the Miami Herald, Phyllis Battelle quotes an unnamed source as saying â€Å"Perhaps the only hopeful thing about rock n’ roll is that it’s so bad. It cannot endure indefinitely† (Batelle 4C+). This sentiment comforted few Americans while others focused on the reasons why rock n’ roll was not a viable music form. Rock n’ roll on the other hand continued to reinvent itself, to influence and morph into different genres. The influence of rock n’ roll is heard clearly in other genres now and has become as intrinsic to the American cultural legacy as payola in the music industry. Though rock n’ roll waned for a short period of time it ultimately was revived by the British invasion which also revived the folk and RB genres (Hood-Anklwicz 4). Ironically the integrationist mentality that was once a part of rock n’ roll music faded in the early sixties undoubtedly influenced by the newly sanitized radio and broadcast environment, the loss of charismatic personalities such as Alan Freed and the stress of the continuously changing cultural dynamic in American society. Fears like those expressed in segregationist propaganda like the American Nationalist went unfounded as rock n’ roll eventually became racially segregated once more. Dick Clark’s clean cut presentation of rock n’ roll minus the tilting pelvises and gyrations, minus the dancing in the aisles and frenzied pandemonium, minus the leather jackets and sideburns was to become the popular music among whites while African American performers performed for largely African-American audiences (Palmer, 146). Many African American performers of the rock n’ roll era have credited Freed with the breaking of social barriers and have recognized his attempt to encourage integration among young Blacks and Whites. Before concluding that Alan Freed was ultimately made the example for being all things rock n’ roll, it is imperative to note that the practice of payola was never absent from the music industry, it â€Å"has never been and is not now illegal†. The 1960 law passed, did not make the practice illegal but made the failure to report payola illegal (Segrave,vii). While the concept of payola presents an ethical flaw in the system it is nonetheless a flaw that is as inherent to the music industry as is manipulation to the industry of politics. The great professor and historian, Lord Acton, is quoted as saying, â€Å"power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely†. This notion is evident on both ends of the rock n’ roll spectrum on one end Alan Freed was said to â€Å"be drunk with power† (Palmer 23), so much so that he failed to see the danger in overbooking venues, was charged with encouraging riotous behavior among teens and a general failure to realize the detriment that would come to his livelihood if he continued to challenge the prescribed social norms of the 1950’s. On the other end of the spectrum is the American government who continues to support censorship and participate in the creation of scapegoats when suitable to the larger political agenda. Overall, Alan Freed was a trendsetter who was perhaps â€Å"before his time† and thereby was punished accordingly for going against the grain. He lived as the champion of rock n’ roll firsts and died tormented by opportunities unrealized.

Airasia Such As Computer Reservation System Information Technology Essay

Airasia Such As Computer Reservation System Information Technology Essay AirAsia is one of the Malaysia Airline that established for everyone who dreamed of making flying to reach ones destination. Since 2001, AirAsia has been expanding rapidly with the largest low fare airlines in which everyone can travel with affordable price and AirAsia has also awarded for the world best low cost airline in year 2010 (Miller, P., 2010) [Online]. Lets put it in this way with a simple slogan, Now Everyone Can Fly, Malaysias AirAsia has successfully carried out and placed in customers mind with the largest low-cost flying trip and largest customer base. Go Holidays offered by AirAsia at the low-cost flying trip, whereby they also offer hostel, hotels, car rental and holiday packages at discounted rates. Booking or reservation of airplane tickets can be done at www.airasia.com. Besides, AirAsia provide services such as Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) and AirAsias bus travel to KLIA at the lower cost. According to The Star report under the business section, AirAsia is now announced that several airports in Malaysia and regional countries will offered a self check-in service and for more convenience, customers can also use web-based check-in service (The Star, 2010) [Online]. In the year ended 2009, AirAsia reported a net profit of RM549.1million, a rise by 11% compared to the loss of RM 496.6 million incurred during 2008 (The Star, 2010) [Online]. 1.2 Types of Information System There are few types of Information System were in use in AirAsia, such as Computer Reservation System (CRS), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System, and Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) system. CRS is a computer system used in travel industry that allowed storing, retrieving data and conducting transactions. This system was created by airlines. AirAsia used this system is to allow users to access and check seating availability, flight schedules, airline fare, booking reservations and generating tickets. CRM is a set of applications that give companies to gain insights into customers changing needs, wants, and behaviors in order to better serve them (Haag and Cummings, 2008). This applications help AirAsia to analyse customers contact, so that it enable AirAsia to maintain and update electronic customer profile. Moreover, CRM also help to update online answers at AirAsias web page frequently asked questions (FAQs) about their services, such as booking, online payment and etc. ERP is the information systems to integrate the data from different functional areas of a business, such areas as planning, manufacturing, order entry, inventory management and many more (Oz, 2008). This system also help in planning and allow companies to operate more efficiency because it avoid duplication of information and avoid rework (Oz, 2008). AirAsia uses ERP system is to capturing daily operations transactions, manage its supply chain, and also helping to save its daily operational costs as well as to increase the operational performance to become more efficiency (Microsoft Press Pass, 2005). APS is a type of system also known as manufacturing management process. This system is used for supply chain planning in the sense that it uses information from ERP for planning and scheduling operations (Muzumdar, no date)[Online]. APS also can be used to tracks costs based on the activities in the production of manufactured goods. However, due ERP system does not provide for better supply chain management to analyses the flexibility and intelligence required implemented by AirAsia. AirAsia therefore use APS system helps to improve AirAsias strategic and operational performance, classifies and clusters orders from customer, and checks resources availability. 2.0 Benefits from System Adoption 2.1 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) A good CRM is important for AirAsia to success in airline industry. With CRM, AirAsias staff will easily understand and satisfy customers needs and wants. The benefits of CRM are such as: (i) Reduce Operating Costs: By using CRM system, work and activities done by AirAsia will become more systematic and coordinated. This will help AirAsia to eliminate waste of funds, such as AirAsia use web or e-mail to handle some customers queries or problems instead of through a call centre. This results labour cost will be reduced and business operations will become more effective and efficient. CRM also can help AirAsia to organise customer communications if AirAsia facing difficulties, such as struggles to maintain multiple mailing lists for different groups of customers. (ii) Development of Better Relations with Customers: Using CRM helps AirAsia to develop their customers relationships. CRM systems provide reliable sources to deal with AirAsias customers in sales, marketing, and service to optimize revenue, customer satisfaction, and customer retention (Laudon and Laudon, 2010). The benefit of using CRM is because this system provides a better service to customers. For example, on the first page of the AirAsia Website, which has stated the member log in button and this has proven that AirAsia always set their customers as the first priority in every consideration. The benefits of becoming AirAsia members are information provided to customers will always ones step ahead from others (ie. promotional booking offers, news updates, and so on). All customers particular data are fully secured and will be guaranteed for personalization from AirAsia. (Azleen Ilias et al., 2009)[Online] 2.2 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System There are many different benefits and reasons why AirAsia choose and deploy ERP systems. These are as follow: (i) Help reduce operating costs:   The ERP systems enable to help AirAsia to reduce operating cost and its a benefit when AirAsia is running company analytics.   The major benefits of ERP are improved the coordination of AirAsias process into one streamlined process where all information can be accessed across departments through a single enterprise wide information network (Anthony, 2005)[Online].  Additional benefit from implementing ERP systems are reduced operating cost, such as lower the cost of production, marketing, inventory control, and help desk support (Anthony, 2005)[Online]. (ii) Facilitate Day-to-Day Management: Facilitating day-to-day management activities is also one of the benefits from ERP systems. In encourages the establishment of backbone data warehouses (Anthony, 2005)[Online]. The implementations of ERP systems allows employees to access real time information and this helps with research, decision making, and managerial control (benefitsoferp, 2010)[Online]. Besides, it also can perform activity based costing and helps AirAsia to track activities actual costs (Anthony, 2005)[Online]. 2.3 Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) There are certain benefits which can be found in APS system. These are as follow: (i) Visibility Across The Whole Supply Chain: The benefit of using APS system is visibility across the whole supply chain. The supply chain management system will ensure each party, (ie. suppliers and customers) works together in integration in terms of cross-functional scheduling and planning. So that AisAsia will have better connectivity across the supply chain (Muzumdar, no date)[Online]. (ii) Optimizing profit management (Anon, 2010)[Online]: The most influencing factor in AirAsias strategy is the price, this is because the airline competing in the low cost market. Trend analysis also benefited in that the APS system is designed to Maximised revenue of AirAsia by the existing YMS system and optimizing price strategy. On the other hand, AirAsias operational cost will be minimized by APS system by using YMS system to generate information to further improve AirAsias plan and schedule for the facilities needed (Muzumdar, no date). The integration of YMS system into the APS system ensures profit optimization. 3.0 Pitfalls to Avoid 3.1 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Although CRM systems have brought benefits to AirAsia, but there are still some pitfalls exist. AirAsia therefore should avoid these pitfalls otherwise a significant effect will cause AirAsia improperly operate. Listed below are the pitfalls need to avoid. (i) Inadequate training on the CRM software (Anon, 2010)[Online]: Anytime when a new system is introduced, employees feel lack of confident to use it and they will always try to avoid from using it. Many training consultants offered by CRM software vendors visit AirAsia during their rollout phase and for refresher sessions (Anon, 2010)[Online]. This system is highly encourage to be provided as adequate training will be given to employees and money saved in the long run even-though it is costly and time consuming (Cost Vs Benefits analysis). (ii) Misunderstanding customer needs (Anon, 2010)[Online]: Sometimes, unnecessary time taken to service the customers and not giving good services will affect AirAsias image. AirAsia therefore should respond to customers when it is needed. For example, in the CRM process, CRM manager should arrange and reply the customers queries that ask for the essential information through easy-to-use access. At the same time, get feedback from customers is encouraged so that able to improve companys CRM system in future. 3.2 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System There are some common pitfalls to avoid when AirAsia implementing ERP systems. These are as follows: (i) Lack of Time and Manpower Required For Implementation (Mutt, 2010)[Online]: When there is a shortage of time and employees required for implementation, AirAsia may over burden the employees with their regular work by giving them extra responsibilities on ERP implementation (Mutt, 2010)[Online]. This will lead employees could not perform the ERP software properly as they are already over stress with their regular work. To avoid this happen, AirAsia should work out a proper time schedule for ERP implementation process and working hours of each employee so that each employee may contribute as per their ability in the process (Mutt, 2010)[Online]. (ii) Poor Selection of ERP Software (Mutt, 2010)[Online]: There are many reasons result the poor selection of ERP software, however the most common cause is due to inability to identity the functional requirements. Proper cross checking of the products not aligned with the designed and derived functional requirements, lack of detailed study of the product and its characteristics also lead to poor selection which may result AirAsia fail in implementing ERP properly. Therefore, to avoid this, employees of the company at all levels should be responsible and involved in the testing and study of the product. Assistance from the external expert can be taken to improve the system. Besides, successful implemented ERP from the same industry can be use and refer for the improvement purposes. 4.0 Conclusion In todays world, the business among airline industry has become more competitive and very tough. Every company in airline industry is trying to implement some strategies to compete with each other. To survive in business world, AirAsia needs to achieve their long terms objective and compete with their competitor in the airline industry. AirAsia has been so successful in Low Cost carrier (LCC) among all the competitors in airline industry until today and many passengers would like to travel by choosing AirAsia because they offered low fares with no hidden charges, interesting promotion packages, and many more. Recently, AirAsia had offer mobile booking via SMS (Short Message Service) and AirAsia is the first airline in the world provides this service. Last but not least, CRM is a powerful competitive tool that always serves customers better by understanding their needs, wants, and behaviours. Through the AirAsias website applications, they can provide most reliable and potential airline services to customers. 5.0 How AirAsia should use Information Systems for the future, focusing on the competitive advantages of IT As a CEO (Chief Executive Officer) of AirAsia, in order for AirAsia to improve the performance and management of AirAsia successfully in future, few competitive advantages of IT are needed to focus. However, the most important information system should focus on is Customer Relationship Management (CRM). First of all, AirAsia shouldnt approach to CRM initiative development that is learning from other competitors, for example fast check-in system by installing kiosks. In order to differentiate from other competitors in travel industry, AirAsia should carry out CRM program in favor of investing in initiatives with a high return, which will respond to customers needs and desires. Therefore, in order to maintain competitive advantages and profitability, AirAsia should foster the relationships between customers (according to Hillman and Keim). In the business world, company will never compete against company, but will compete network against network. For example, MAS (Malaysian Airline System) does not compete against AirAsia. Their respective networks compete. AirAsia and MAS, both are low fare airlines. In order to attract customers to travel, AirAsia always advertise their promotions through AirAsias webpage and newspapers with the most affordable price. With no doubts, poor network services will not have a good relationship in long run. Therefore, network has to work together with CRM to deliver great value of information to customers and solve customers problems, is a source of great competitive advantage. Lastly, a simple notification given by AirAsia to customers can be an opportunity for a valued dialogue. The implementation of CRM is to create a valuable customer relationship and with the two basic functions that are marketing and the customer experience. Marketing is required to build promises with customers, manage the dialogue component of the customer relationship, and motivate customer purchase behaviour. The customer experience is to deliver on the promises, represent the service component of the customer relationship, and reinforce customer purchase behaviour. Time is precious, quick and prompt to respond to customers email or SMS (Short Message Service) is very important. Dissatisfaction of customers is also very important because it provide excellent feedbacks to improve the quality and value-added of AirAsia.

Change Management: Ongc Ltd

Change Management: Ongc Ltd Change is a very necessary aspect of human life. One of the few things which have a real permanence in this world is change. Different types of changes occur, such as seasonal changes, changes in nature and behavior of human beings, changes in their biological and physical systems, organizational changes etc. Here, the main concern of the study is what organizational change is and how it should be managed? What are reasons or causes of change and what is the reaction towards it? The meaning of word change is, when there is an alteration in the system whether physical, biological or social. Hence organizational change refers to, the alteration of work environment or work conditions in the organization. It may include different components of the organization such as change in technology, organization structure and design, people working in the organization etc (Prasad L.M., 2007). What is Change Management? Change management is known as the process of developing a planned approach to adapt to the changes in the organization. It is the transition of an organization or individuals, teams or groups in an organization to reach from a current state to a future state for development and improved performance (Tromley C., Mainiero L.A., 2004). The main aim of this organizational process is to make the employees understand the importance of change according to the rapidly changing business environment and accept it with open minds. This will reduce the risk of failure in implementing the changes in the organization. Though this is practically not possible because every time when there is a change people always have resistance towards it. It is the human tendency that nobody wants to accept change which consequently makes it important to understand the reasons behind it and manage it by reducing resistance towards it. Change is often resisted by the employees because it disturbs their set routine s and set new avenues to learn which most of the employees do not want (McCrimonn M., 2008). Change may be planned or unplanned. If the change is sudden because of some external forces such as technological changes or change in the political or legal environment then the organization members has to adopt it forcefully but if the change is done by planning well in advance irrespective of the pressure of external or internal forces then it is called as planned change, which is important to improve the ability of employees to adapt changes in the environment as well as their behavior (Planned Change, 2009, knol.google.com) Change Management in Public Sector organizations The current business environment is changing at a very fast pace and all organizations whether private or public are experiencing the impacts of change. It is important for these organizations to understand the role of change management and how to practically implement it (How to Manage Change, 2009,). Public sector organizations are often perceived to be resistant towards change because of the reason to seek the ability to do things rather than doing those things in a different or changed manner. The changes in the socio-economic, political, legal and technological environment has a major impact on the public sector organizations as it the implementation of these changes is a time consuming process. These reform initiatives have made the development of new approaches in the public sector resulting in the introduction of Business Process Re-engineering, new business models, team building and leadership programmes, improved project management etc. This all involves changes in the mind set of the employees which implies the importance of change management in the public sector organizations (UNDP Capacity Development Resource, 2006). Apart from these changes in the external environment the changes in the public sector organizations is mainly due the pressure of the government and global trends. Though the forces or elements of change are almost same in the public and private sector organizations the implementation is far more difficult in public sector. This is due to the different orientation in the values and objectives of both the sectors. The effectiveness of change is dependent on the outcomes which are expected from the change programme (Osborne P.S., Brown K., 2005). 2.3 Importance of Change Management Change management plays an important role in the organization as bringing change means making alteration in the systematic and planned routine. The task of bringing about change in the organization is not that easy as it involves changing the mindset of individuals and their attitudes towards a particular objective. Changes can be brought about in the organization externally or internally. The process of bringing about change allows the organization to give a proactive or reactive or reactive response in a particular situation (Role of Change Management in an Organization, managementhub.com, 2009). The process of change involves the following steps: Identify the need or requirement of change in the organization Designing the specific requirements to fulfill the needs Making the employees understand that why change is required and what is its importance Making changes in the organizational processes to incorporate the changes By following these steps in an organization it can be ensured that the change management strategies will be effective in long run and help in improved organizational performance (Mateco, 2008) 2.4 About ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) was set up as a Commission on August 14, 1956. The company was given its corporate identity on June 23, 1993, which has now grown into a full-fledged horizontally integrated petroleum company. Today, ONGC is a flagship public sector enterprise and Indias highest profit making corporate, achieving the record of being the first Indian corporate to register a five digit profit figure of Rs. 10,529 Crore in the year 2002-03. ONGC has produced more than 600 million metric tonnes of crude oil and supplied more than 200 billion cubic metres of gas since its inception, thus fuelling the increasing energy requirements of the Indian economy. Today, ONGC is the most valuable company in India, contributing 77 percent of Indias crude oil production and 81 per cent of Indias natural gas production. To sustain this growth, ONGC has drawn up ambitious strategic objectives, which include doubling the oil and gas reserves. Having accreted six billion tonnes oil and oil equivalent reserves in its first 45 years of operation, ONGC now aims to double these reserves by 2020. The second strategic objective is to augment the global recovery factor from the existing 28 per cent to the global norm of 40 per cent in next 20 years. Out of the six billion tonnes of oil and gas reserve accretion, four billion tonnes is expected to come from Offshore and Deep Waters. To improve the recovery factor from the existing fields, ONGC is investing Rs. 2,000 crore in 15 re-development schemes. 2.5 Corporate Ranking Ranked 326th in Financial Times Global 500 List by market cap; first among Indian Corporates Ranked 133rd in Forbes 400 Top Global Corporates by market cap; first among Indian Corporates Ranked 1st in Economic Times 500 Corporate List by net profit and market cap Ranked 1st in Business Today 500 List by net profit Ranked 1st in Business Today-Stern Stewart Study of 500 Indian Corporates for highest-ever Market Value Added (MVA). ONGC is the only PSU which has both MVA and EVA positive. 3. Aims and objectives of the Study The aim of this study is to understand the concept of organizational change, forces of change in the organization and how manage that change and overcoming resistance of the employees in context to the ONGC Ltd. which is a PSU. Change management plays an important role in the Indian organizations because if there would be no change then the growth trajectory of any organization will become constant and progress of the employees would be restricted what they had learnt in the past. So, this study will help to understand the importance of change management in the public sector organizations and the effective approaches to manage those changes. 3.1 Aim To understand the change management approaches being implemented in ONGC and help in overcoming the resistance towrads change. Objectives The objectives of this study are: To understand the forces of change in public sector organizations. To analyze the various factors causing changes. To study the reasons of resistance towards change. To suggest measures for overcoming resistance towards change. To study the importance of change management To suggest prevalent approaches of change management 4. Review of Literature What Is Organizational Change Management? The concept of organizational change refers to the organization as a whole rather than making smaller changes such as adding a new employee, modifying a programme or a schedule. The examples of organizational change may include change in mission, restricting or reforming of operations or management, some major technological changes, changes in government rule and policies etc (McNamara C, 2005). According to Newstrom and Davis change in any part or function of the organization brings about a dynamic change in the whole organization. It tends to disturb the old equilibrium necessitating the setting up of a new one. The type of new equilibrium depends on the degree of change and its impact on the organization. It is a continuous process which requires subsequent changes in whole organization (Prasad L.M., 2007). The changes could be due to some external or internal factors because of the dynamic business environment. The forces of change are: Nature of the workforce Technology Economic and Social Environment Political and Legal environment Globalization Competition Successful change must be brought about by top management and to manage these activities a change agent plays an important role. A change agent could be a manager or a non manager and his responsibility is to translate the change into a plan and carry out the plan. If the change is carried out in a team or a group the resistance would be low and chances of acceptance would be high (Robbins S. P., Judge T., 2008). 4.2 Resistance to Change Whenever change is initiated, both the managers as well as employees react to it. Though human reaction to change depends on the outcome of change, but the attitude of people play an important role in determining it. There are possibilities of either accepting the change, being indifferent towards it or a strong resistance to change. People normally resist to change because they perceive that change as a threat or feel difficult to cope with it (Kotelnikov V., 2001). Sometimes resistance to change is good because if there would be no resistance and employees will accept the change then the changes of progress in an organization would reduce. At the initial phase of change, employees may react differently. Sometimes the resistance is instant and spontaneous. It easy for the management to deal with this type of resistance. Implicit or slow resistance is difficult to manage because it may have different after effects. The employees may leave the organization, become less committed towar ds the work, lack of motivation may occur which sometimes becomes difficult to recognize (Robbins S. P., Judge T., 2008). Overcoming the resistance to change can be brought about by seven ways in an organization Education and communication Participation Building support and commitment Negotiation Manipulation and cooptation Selecting people who accept change Coercion (12manage.com, six change approaches) Approaches to Change Management There are various approaches adopted by organizations to manage change. Some of them are: Lewins three step model In a model suggested by Lewin he has given three steps of change: unfreezing the status quo, movement to a desired end state and refreezing i.e., new change to make it permanent. Kotters eight step plan Based on Lewin three step model Kotter has suggested an eight step plan for implementing change. Action research It refers to a change process based on the systematic collection of data and then selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicates. Organization development It is a collection of planned change interventions build on humanistic democratic values, that seek to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well being. The six interventions used in OD are: Sensitivity training Survey feedback Process consultation Team building Intergroup development Appreciative inquiry (Robbins S. P., Judge T., 2008). 5. Research Methodology Data collection methods Secondary Research Secondary research is the data collected from secondary sources like Online Web Portals, Magazines and published Journals, among many others. The review of literature is a comprehensive analysis of the research already collected on the concerned topics. While collecting the secondary data, we will ensure the following: Reliability Suitability Adequacy Primary Research Primary research is the collection of data that is not already available. The process is designed to serve a specific set of objectives useful for the study. The data is collected through various methods such as interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, online surveys, etc. For this study, we have chosen suitable methods of primary research to learn about the objectives of the study: Quantitative Research: It refers to the data that is numerical, and can be measured and expressed in terms of numbers. The most popular form of quantitative research is the questionnaire/survey method. The survey will be conducted with the employees working in ONGC Ltd. Research Design The study will be explorative as well as descriptive in nature. Sampling design Target population: The target population in this research refers to the employees working in ONGC. The respondents can be of any gender and any income level. Sampling unit The sampling unit is ONGC Ltd. Sampling method For this research we use non-probability sampling. Zikmund (1997) stated that in non-probability sampling, the probability of any particular member of the population being chosen is unknown. The element in the population does not have any probability attached to their being chosen as sample subjects. Size of Sample Survey A sample size of 250 respondents will be considered for this study. Sampling plan: The data will be collected from employees working in the organization. Questionnaire Design: The questionnaire will consist of both open-ended and close-ended questions. The questions will be framed to enable respondents answer the questions like an essay. There is no limit on how much the interviewee wants to say on a particular topic. Data Analysis and Interpretation The data collected from primary research will be analysed and interpreted using Factor Analysis. It is suitable to the study over other tools, because: It provides both subjective as well as objective results, of which subjective can be converted into numbers/scores It can be used to identify and understand the hidden attributes or constructs which would otherwise (in case of direct analysis) have been unapparent It is inexpensive and easier to implement than other tools. 6. Significance of the study The findings of this study should be useful to the top management of ONGC Ltd. as they would be able to understand the causes and effects of change on the employees and the reasons of resistance towards it. It would be easy for them to understand the plight of employees while adapting the change in their system and is it really effective or not. The findings of this study should also provide an insight to the employees in finding out ways in coping with change and understanding its importance for their professional growth. Finally, the findings from this study might add some useful information to the research already being conducted in this area which needs to be highlighted so that the employees as well as the management will understand the better approaches to adopt changes and plausible solutions to this problem. 7. Limitations of the Study The study will be limited to the employees working in ONGC as the researcher is specially focusing on the implementation of change management in public sector organizations. The approaches would be limited to the reasons of changes and then its implementation particularly in ONGC. 8. Organization of the paper Explains the chapterisation plan of the actual thesis. It basically consists of five chapters: Introduction It includes the introduction to change, change management in public sector organizations and it importance. Review of Literature It includes the research on organizational change, forces of change, resistance to change and how to overcome resistance, change agents etc. Research Methodology It includes the research design, sample size, sources of data collection, questionnaire etc. Data Analysis It gives the results and interpretations of the data collected and analyzed from the respondents. Conclusion and Recommendations This chapter will give the conclusions and recommendations which will come from the respondents and strategies which could be employed by the organizations.

Performers in Eighteenth Century British Theatre :: European Europe History

Performers in Eighteenth Century British Theatre Eighteenth century British theatre was perhaps the starting point that would evolve into modern theatre. Women started to be allowed on stage and acting techniques were beginning to change. Leading performers were like celebrities with a number of fans. Theatre was an intricate part of the social ladder. In the overall scheme of things the actors and actresses played an important part in making the theatre what it was. Without the performers there wouldn’t really be theatre, so in order to understand the eighteenth century British theatre the performers of that era need to be understood. The social standing of actors and actresses in the late eighteenth century was mostly understood to be of the lower class but they were not always treated so. "Many performers, furthermore, were received everywhere with cordiality and respect. Several of them made marriages with persons of distinction;" (Hogan, cxx). A problem that would often occur to dampen a performer's social standing would be the result of a character they played. People of the audience would often hold the performer accountable for the faults of their character. "For an actress to portray an adulteress was not only immodest, but it would almost certainly induce her to become one in reality; of an actor profligacy and immorality were his chief characteristics;" (Hogan, cxx). In a season that could involve 200 nights of performances over 100 plays may be produced (Hogan, ciii). With this in mind many actors and actresses would need to be available to play a great number of parts. For example, "in 1794-95 Quick's first appearance was on 24 September, his last on 25 May. This is a period of 177 nights, out of which he acted on 149, in 47 different parts" (Hogan, cii). With such an abundance of parts to be learned and understood performers had to develop a system to remember everything. There is no exact detailed system to how performers did this than just completely taking time to focus on the part. Hogan provides an example from Michael Kelly‘s Reminiscences that is perfect in showing the focus and discipline performers had to have. â€Å"Previous to the opening of the newly constructed Drury lane in the spring of 1794 its acting manager. John Philip Kemble, must clearly have had his mind occupied with countless details: the superintendence of a large crew of house servants and workmen, of finances, of advertising, of preparing a spectacular revival of Macbeth.

Greek Philosophers :: essays papers

Greek Philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle had virtually the same beliefs about man's relation to the State, although Plato's political theory of the State was more rational than Socrates or Aristotle's. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all believed that man was not self-sufficient, they believed man would be most happy living in a State. They also believed that all men wanted to live the truly good life where they could be in tune with the truth and achieve their ultimate goals. Although Socrates, Plato and Aristotle's political views of the State are similar, Plato's view is more rational than Socrates and Aristotle's in the sense that he created an ideal State. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were three philosophers in ancient Greece who believed that no man was self-sufficient enough to live on his own. Plato believed "a State comes into existence because no individual is self-sufficing" (Stumph, 70). This theory of Plato's was also shared by Aristotle who said "He who is unable to live in society or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must either be a beast or a god" (Stumph, 103). These two views indicate the importance of a State to an individual according to Plato and Aristotle. All three philosophers believed that man would be much happier if he was part of a State rather than on his own. Socrates once stated "We are all more productive if we specialize in one thing rather than try to excel at many things" (Stumph, 40). Within the State Socrates believed that there would be a division of labour for the provision of food, shelter and clothing. An individual living outside of a State would have to provide thems! elves with these necessities. As Socrates stated above within the State you would specialize in one thing only, while a different individual would specialize in something else and this would allow the quality and the quantity of the product to increase. "Plato assumes that we are all born with physical and intellectual equipment that makes us suited to perform some tasks better than others" (Rice, 42). So now individuals only have to specialize in something that they are physically and intellectually suited for according to Plato. These three philosophers believed that if man could be more productive by specializing in something that they are suited for they would be happier. Aristotle made the point that "Every community is established with the view to some good; and that mankind always act in order to obtain that which they think good" (Copleston, 351). Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all believed that man needs to be

Free Macbeth Essays: The Importance of Sleep -- Free Essay Writer

The Importance of Sleep in Macbeth  Ã‚      The image of sleep is consistently mentioned in Macbeth with the intention of creating a symbolic importance.   Macbeth himself notes that the sleep he discusses with us, is that that ‘knits up’, meaning the sleep which smoothes out and pieces together. Macbeth recites this after he has spoken to Lady Macbeth directly after he committed the bloody murder of King Duncan.   He cried, ‘Sleep no more!’ to all the house:’Glamis hath murder’d sleep, and therefore Cawdor Shall sleep no more, Macbeth shall sleep no more!’ He frantically and almost deliriously raves, which highlights his conscience, is already bothering him.    The image of sleep is symbolized by Shakespeare to highlight one of the plays themes, conscious.   In reality sleep rests the mind, refreshes the mind and eases a person allowing them to function normally.   It is a fact that a person cannot survive without sleep†¦Ã‚   And Macbeth as well as Lady Macbeth’s characters demonstrate this.   They both will never be at peace again†¦&nb...

Concern of Government Trade Policy Essay

Whose interests should be the paramount concern of government trade policy – the interests of producers (the business and the employees) or of the consumers? This is a very interesting question. I would hope that the policies that are in place by the government would help not only the producers but in the long run would also help the consumers. The government has a responsibility to ensure that businesses will get that competitive advantage in the global business world. That said, if governments place were to place too much of its interest in businesses, the consumers would definitely suffer immensely. Historically, the United States has made many mistakes where we have protected the producers and companies and have developed many policies to ensure American companies do not fail. The book discusses the steel industry and how government placed an Ad Valorem Tariff on steel. It talked about how we wanted to protect domestic steel producers and how government had too many policies in place. That eventually was counterproductive and it raised the cost of production. This then caused the output to fail miserably and before we know it, we eliminated that tariff within two years. Can we learn from this mistake in the future? Sure we can. But you need the right people for the job. We need to make sure better policy-making decisions are made and that local content requirement is occurring. The book talks about government intervention. When it does, it seems to me, that it is talking about protecting the inefficient companies, people’s jobs, and industries from unfair foreign competition. While employees may well lose their jobs if there are more well-organized and competent foreign competitors, I would argue that this is the nature of competition, and that the role of government should be to help these employees get jobs where they can be efficiently employed rather than to protect them from reality. Government intervention can also lead to trade wars. Government intervention  usually ends up not working. The European Common Agriculture Policy by European farmers backfired and has cost consumers greatly. One the other side of the spectrum, if government does not set policies to protect the interests of businesses then global firms, companies, may come in and take an unfair advantage, a.k.a. the Steel industry in 2002.

Bondage and Discipline: The mystique behind BSDM Essay

AbstractDating back to as far as 1969, slavery and humble or BDSM is a nominate of get alongledgeable actions carry a focal pointed with ab frequent dominance and submissions. An exotic cozy p generator just somewhatly involving role runaway restraint, with the aid of foreign objects a great deal(prenominal)(prenominal) as tassel tipped whips, p conferles, jocularityging, etc. BDSM is derivative of Sadism and Masochism branch, solely f exclusivelying below separate tightness c all in allable to excessive and abnormal versed tortures. Most bring upual involve ments require serious words just incase the train of kink is surpassed and the recipient no monthlong feels a sense of inner euphoria, and more than of a revolutionisency of danger. It is fairly normal for quondam(a) couples to experiment BDSM, as come up as most(prenominal)ly fall uponing the older macrocosm (40 and up). BDSM is affected by the population referable to having much skeptical reproo f amongst foreign communities. placewords BDSM, Sadism, Masochism, KinkThe mystique behind thraldom and purify.Sweeping the nation in steamy fashion around the 1960s, fetter wake up had app arntly become the new involvement or latest crave kids were partaking in. slavery call forthuality is a relative of the BDSM family, with the B standing for of melody slavery. humanacles and theatre of operations gives mo nononous couples a little fervor in the bedroom. A most joint reason behind fetter is so that two couples whitethorn gain amusement from the restraint position in which wholeness(a) or the other may hold out in, while the pursuer engages in the prospect of full dominance over the participant. multitude who compact interest in this atomic number 18 sleep withn as Sadomasochistic. While roughwhat sadomasochistic people take cheer in the sleep togetherledgeable bash of durance sex, others benefit from the visual just as much. While this may be str ange, scarce still d 1 to this day, this may starts constantlyal questions toward mass society1) wherefore do people perform chains sex?2) Is it safe?3) What inner quivering do its occupiers receive?4) Is it truly assist keep descents strong? dread that the utilization of this may be limited collectable to the age of its occupants, it is safe to say that most children ar non entertaining the composition of having Bondage and chasten sex with their peers, nor go out they be pursuing it every time soon. Of course, we live in a world of curiosity, so it is non safe to count the teenageder contemporaries out. However, cozy action via teenagers is at an all time amply, and easy access to dirty word sites makes it easier for little old Tommy or Susie to mess up upon the idea.Why do people perform bondage sex?M whatsoever couples incorporate Bondage sex into their lives, only to visualise it is var. of family relationship steroid or adrenaline shot. Ever play f ought with your pair before enticing them in a sexual comfort z 1? Or teasing them toward the brink of hormonal eruption, whereas he or she is immensely aro apply and leave alone not stop at zipper to pursue a attractive sexual endeavor? If so, then you shake up no need for this act. Bondage sex is commonly incorporated into bland relationships lacking sexual drive. BDSM puke either implement a spark or an explosion in sexual climax if used correctly. Bondage discipline strengthens the commit of both partners because the activity pushes the limits of to each one partner, bringing them beyond their typic comfort zone. The exotic mixture of tutelage and pleasure forms a potent sweet of euphoria. This fusion also forces both cohorts to yarn-dye a mammoth like trust in one other. It also helps the cardinal (unlimited) in get alonging each other fall in both mentally and physically. correspondence that with each slap, spank, lip-biting gesture could be a signal or plea sure or pain raises the enigma of how well you actually know your signifi lowlifet other, cosmosness that one mistake or missed process of monition sign could be their last.Is it safe?Of course Bondage sex is not safe, that is what causes the sexual blush of the activity. BDSM IS NOT FOR EVERYONE. Some couples pass on not be willing to move out unto foreign territory. Then again, we be humans, we areknown for be happen takers. Since the dawn of time humankind has risked everything into journey into the unknown. For instance, in 1969 in attempts in drubbing the Soviets in the venturous Space Race, an insolent country (USA) sent three digest men, (Neil Armstrong, Edwin Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins were sent to the moon. non only were they sent in attempts to pose out the Soviets, but to research the unknown. You see, not anything we carry out is out of disabilitys way. We dwell in propagation in which we may all go bad by missiles, be engulfed in the craze of war, and drowned due to our lack of concern of the ozone social class and constant ignorance of quickly deteriorating polar caps. With that being said, if we were to place the two on an unreal Libra Scale, it is manifest that bondage sex would be on the higher end. alike, another reason in why Bondage sex can be safer than what media portrays it to be, would be due to objects being used. Many big(a) toy companies are devising toys that with loaded sanctuary precautions, as well as rising the age of the consumers to buy their output to 21 and up. there was a time when sex toys were a taboo, yet gradually, due to todays generation, sex toys live with become more blatant and ordinarily shown on late night commercials. This caused big toy companies to take a beat for the better. By creating smarter, sophisticated sex toys, scientist provoke derived adult toys the aid sexually and implemented devices that contribute toward the health of its users, such as therapeutic benefit s for both men and women. For example, men who bring from erectile dysfunction and reduce penile consciousness and women who reach in the usage of vibrators also stimulate vaginal blood flow. These enhancements also strengthen orgasms and the kindling of superior good-feeling hormones. Due to the step-up in sexual toys, these altercations hire do it safer for its users as well as implementing the devices for various uses. (Ashton, Devon G. The Key Archives/BDSM Mystique 2010)Also, buzzing through the BDSM residential district is the name SSC. This stands for safe, sane, and consensual. Safe this term is used to ensure that both users enacting in bondage activities should place health and safety at their highest priority. This reduces mistakes and problems however there will eer be typical casualties amongst in maked users. of sound mind(predicate) client must deal in their right frame of mind when enacting in BDSM think activities.(Fredder, James. Dr. Drew On Call. HLNtv. com. BDSMreviews, 12 Sept. 2009) Noted, that these actions should not be undergone while under the influence of alcohol or drugs of any kind, for eve if they enhance the follow up, they also go the users vision of clarity. Finally Consensual every last(predicate) activities should present 100% consent from both parties. Consent from both partners allows actions that are made to be swift, and hoist trust amid both. Also to keep in mind, even if consent from each party is of upper limit percentage, legal consent may not create a difference between criminalist behaviors, and may fall liable upon any injury caused. Ultimately there is no such thing as being safe enough. Injury can advance at anytime, and it is up to both partners if BDSM activities are fit for them. No matter the activity, you can enhance you and your partners safety by properly following SSC, as well as possessing a vulgar respect for each others body and responsibility.What sexual hit do its occupants receive ?In most cases, BDSM activities are done establish on thrill. But before we go into detail the reader most know the roper definition of thrill. As specify by www.Dictionary.com, thrill is a jerky feeling of excitement or pleasure, (of an sensation or sensation) pass with nervous tremor. Also you should be informed on the term sexual thrill. As defined by www.Dictionary.com, sexual thrill is chiefly with reference to people) sexual activity, including specifically sexual intercourse. in a flash there are three types of thrills in which a Sadomasochistic person may partake in 1) Visual thrill Upon gaining sensation in visualizing others in BDSM activities. 2) somatogenetic thrill The intense sensation in partaking in BDSM activities. 3) Olfactory thrill The urge of smelling someone held captive in BDSM activities. Depending of the user, each thrill initiates their endorphins in an unbridled frenzy. Visual thrill users unremarkably do not get to intense with BDSM activities. Alth ough the big H seeing others in BDSM activities, they themselves may not want to engage in such activities, and commonly their addiction can be controlled with the simple click of a mouse. Although others, such as Cuckold Visual Thrillers, unremarkably pay other people to partake in BDSM related activates with their spouse and watch. naturalthrill users are your typical hand of the mill porno visualization guys and gals.These usually are the people that pop up in you head when you the Bondage and subdue related activities. Depending on preference, these people usually dress in leather and gag their partners. Their acts usually involve handcuffed role play as well as out-of-door and internal mutilation. being that they dress for the role and that they use a heavy make sense of foreign objects, Physical thrill users usually construct a safe word. A safe word is usually a simple word used for when BDSM activities sire placed one of the occupants in unfamiliar or painful terr itory this causes the oppressor in ceasing in what they were doing and if necessary, to discontinue the session. The weirdest of them all, Olfactory thrillers, take a sexual thrill in smelling someone held captive in BDSM related activities. Usually, since BDSM clients wear leather for what ever purposes, the smell of leather, fear, and sex triggers frequently pleasant receptors, this gives them a feeling of elevated sexual sensation. Within the BDSM community, 78% say that OFT receives a stronger sexual sensation, and cause terrible orgasms.Bondage Discipline Submission Masochism ground scientist have credited this theory. Lionel B. Wilkes, led investigator and developer in BDSM related activities states, Olfactory thrill users tend to engage in an precedent and longer lasting sexual high due to the aroma compromising a supplementary and immediate itinerary toward rational soul receptors, which cause immense affect toward Dopamine receptors. This simply means that because th e occupant smells BDSM activities, the chances of the smell entering the nose and accessing the mavins pleasant receptors and causing a sexual high, are extremely exponential. Noting that each thrill has its perks, it is not uncommon for some people to encompass a neutering of all three, these users are universal thrill seekers. This usually occurs in seasoned BDSM patients who have experienced a certain form of thrill so many time that the thrill became less appealing. To awaken their proclivity for BDSM activities, they partook in other thrills. Its sort of like eating bland pizza pie for a while, and then you decide to add some hot sauce to it this is how oecumenical users operate. Doing anything they can to maintain the feeling of happy sensation even after the brain has developed a callus for it.Is it actually helping keep relationships strong?There are many reasons why Bondage and Discipline is used. Some people do it for the experience just to they did it, while others do it for the peace the feel within themselves. insofar most of the time, couples do to intensify relationships. Understanding that 56% of the population partaking in BDSM related events are place in the 40 year old plus percentile, it evident that couples are using it to spice things up. afterward being married to some one for 20+ years, in bed experience may be lacking most men around that age suffer from erectile dysfunction, which places a hassle on fulfilling their significant others sexual needs. Women around the ages 44-45 usually undergo painful menstruation cycles, thence declining the urge of sexual desire.By implementing Bondage activities in a slowly decomposing relationship ushers life. You reach heights in which you have never journeyed you learn more about your significant other than ever before. new-fangled studies have shown, most married couples know about 48% of their significant others. scream Being together with someone for 20 or more years and to know onl y 48%? Bondage and Discipline activities instill a major follow of trust in a relationship. In performing these acts, it is vital that you and your partner know each others limits and by limits, the smallest gesture can be vital If you do not know your significant others facial materialization when they are in pain or enjoying themselves, then it is about time you learn.Being that BDSM activities are extremely dangerous, you have to have major trust in your partner. In an article published by rudiment titled Love hurts Sadomasochism Danger. ABC documents a 67 year old man who passed out and befuddled consciences in a sex club after move in a BDSM scene. He lost consciousness while hanging his coat of arms from a cross. The article explains that the damage was so severe it took him a couple of years to recover. I believe this compliments my point, in which you should not partake in BDSM activities with anyone. (Lars, Hannah S. depend upon Toys Combine Sexual merriment with wellness Benefits. Yahoo Contributor Network. Yahoo, July-Aug. 2008)Judy Kuriansky, a sex psychologist, says, There is a triumvirate of guilt, embarrassment, and fear of involvement for these people Its rare that all of the sudden they can give up on being interested in pain and suddenlycapable of being loved. I highly agree with Dr. Kuriansky, overleap for the phrase, casualness for these people As a result of information for www.BDSMfordummies.com they combat that the intimacy of Bondage and Discipline users should be heavenly and held others of informal meaning. Basically saying that these intimate acts should be held with intimate people which plant my theory, which BDSM is just as safe as the users who partake in it. Essentially, a bundle of wound can be avoided if you partake in it with someone you know. Psychosexual and relationship therapist Simone Bienne continued, Thats certainly one thing that the BDSM community is very, very noble of how they are able to commun icate and this is ingrained how it spills out the sexual relationship spills out into the emotional side of the relationship because you are able to manage conflict better because of strong communication. (Laundry, Michelle. 32 Shocking Statistics of kind Insecurity. McKinley Irvin. MCIB/Stats, Feb.-Mar. 2005. Web. 05 Apr. 2014.)All in all, Bondage Discipline is an extremely interesting and exotic way to rekindle a fading relationship, as well as arousing yourself. Although BDSM is pretty much for anyone, it should be for older people by older I mean 21 and up. Of course I have no say in what people do behind closed doors, yet due to the information I have provided, and give thanks to several credited websites, Bondage sex is very risky, and can also harm if placed in the hands of the young and inexperienced. Maybe its our desire to experience love in a diametric rendition, maybe its or innovative ways, or maybe, just maybe, it is our thirst to explore the unknown.ReferencesAsh ton, Devon G. The Key Archives/BDSM Mystique. The Key RSS. XPN.org/thekey, May-June 2010. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. Fredder, James. Dr. Drew On Call. HLNtv.com. BDSMreviews, 12 Sept. 2009. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. Lars, Hannah S. Sex Toys Combine Sexual Pleasure with Health Benefits. Yahoo Contributor Network. Yahoo, July-Aug. 2008. Web. 09 Apr. 2014. Laundry, Michelle. 32 Shocking Statistics of Relationship Insecurity. McKinley Irvin. MCIB/Stats, Feb.-Mar. 2005. Web. 05 Apr. 2014. Michaelis, Viktoria. Top 5 Benefits of Using Sex Toys Viktoria Michaelis. Viktoria Michaelis. PBS/top5benefit, 5 Nov. 2013. Web. 03 Apr. 2014. Perkins, Ronald. What Is BDSM? Examiner.com. GoogleinfoBDSM, 4 Dec. 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2014.