Introduction to management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to management accounting - Essay Example The company is also intending to manufacture natural toothpaste, which is expected to attract a large number of consumers considering that there is an increasing attention in regards to health issue. In this respect, the company expects its sales to grow consistently. 2.0 Target selling price and cost card The selling price of the company’s products is targeted to be low-priced relative to other similar products on the market. However, the company would take into consideration the costs associated with labor, raw materials, direct expenses and other variable costs, as well as fixed costs in calculating reasonable prices for both toothbrush and toothpaste. The use would use the marginal costing with an intention of calculating easily the break-even point (Siegel, & Shim, 2010). The company’s direct material cost for every product is expected to be ?0.15 and ?0.1 for toothbrush and toothpaste respectively. The direct labor cost is anticipated to be ?0.05 and ?0.1 for toot hbrush and toothpaste respectively. Direct expenses are expected to stand at ?0.05 for every product. Other variable costs would also stand at ?0.05 for toothbrush and toothpaste. ... This would ensure that toothbrush and toothpaste are priced at ?0.5 and ?0.6 correspondingly. In relation to the market prices, the company’s prices would be slightly higher relative to Fluoridine Active Fresh of ?0.45 and Tubes High Quality of ?0.3. Conversely, it would be relatively lower with respect to Aquafresh of ?6 and Natural Paste of ?7. Additionally, the company’s toothbrush prices would comparatively lower to that of other firms on the market. 3.0 Breakeven point In order to calculate the breakeven point, there was a need to calculate the contribution margin per product using the marginal costing principle. In this regard, the company calculated the total variable costs, which was estimated at ?0.3 for each of the product (toothbrush and toothpaste). Moreover, the company subtracted the total variable costs for every product from the selling price to arrive at the marginal contribution for both toothbrush and toothpaste. Given that the selling price of toothp aste is ?0.5; its contribution margin per product is bound to be ?0.2. Similarly, considering that the selling price of toothpaste is ?0.6, then, the contribution margin per product would be ?0.3. For an individual to arrive at the breakeven point, one should calculate the number of products that may result in the profits of a firm being zero (Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield, 2012). In this regard, it is estimated that 2,000 pieces of toothbrushes should be sold to meet the total fixed costs of ?400. On the other hand, it is expected that 1,500units of toothpastes should be sold to pay the total fixed costs of ?450. The company’s average contribution margin is estimated at ?0.25, while the total fixed costs are ?850. As a result, the company would breakeven by selling a total

Evaluation of Agency's personnel administration Essay

Evaluation of Agency's personnel administration - Essay Example Furthermore, they provide for training of labor and instill the organizations values in them so that they can conform to the requirements of the organization both within and outside environment (Leigh & Blakely, 2013). The urban planning human resource also ensures staffs awards are assured while offer punishment to those who break the policy. Therefore, the underlined factors above makes the human resource be a stronger department. Nonetheless, the committee also finds it hard to find the right personnel that provide a perfect fit for the organization. The agency is also thriving to reach the international standards of personnel management such as the level required by the United Nations labor management. This includes actions and not limited to utility theory approach. But incase the personnel department becomes inefficient, the agency outsources to provide for technical assistance (Buller, & McEvoy, 2012). It ensures that their employees are well managed, and the human resource acquires extra skills on how to deal with the staffs. As a result, global standards are maintained that makes the agency one of the best performing in the industry. The human resource department of the urban planning is tasked with hiring the right employees for the organization. The recruitment process begins by the department advertising the available opportunities that the qualified candidates will send the application to. They then review the applications and determine the best candidates who are then taken for interviews to determine their suitability (Breaugh, 2014). In doing so, they have to conduct a background check on the applicants since the personnel must be of integrity before they can be hired. The final component is the hiring criteria. The selected candidates are notified and provided with the employment contract letters. In the process, they are expected to provide to undergo medical tests to

Energy supply chains and states Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Energy supply chains and states - Essay Example This paper will discuss the main actors in the oil supply chain and the roles they play, and analyze relations of power among the actors and regulation. It will also discuss the key arguments linking oil to war. Supply chains serve the key purpose of overcoming the gap between customers and suppliers and manufacturers (Bowersox, Closs & Cooper 2007). Operations that can only be done, or are best done, in distant locations are made possible by supply chain networks. Apart from their ability to bridge physical distance, or space gaps, supply chains also overcome, time gaps, quantity gaps, variety gaps and information gaps. Time gaps occur when the time between products being available and the time when consumers need to buy them differ. Quantity gaps occur when the stocks available from the suppliers cannot match the consumers’ demands, while variety gaps occur when consumers demand a wider product variety than can be available from one supplier. When there is an information gap , consumers are not able to know of the source or availability of products and the suppliers are also unable to know of potential consumers. The Main Actors and their Roles in the Oil Supply Chain In the oil industry, the key actors are the oil companies (which are the operators), the main contractors and sub contractors, and then the suppliers and consumers (Rushton, Croucher & Baker 2006). The existence of numerous actors has been necessitated by highly specialised and unique business processes, which encourage fragmentation. In the oil industry, the supply chain can distinctly be viewed through the different fragments concerned with exploration, production, refining, marketing and finally, the consumer. The oil companies, which may be state-owned or private organizations, interface on a worldwide scale with governmental entities, whereby some have direct links with the governments themselves. The main contractors are usually traditional service, construction or engineering firms, most of which have undergone nurturing under protective government policies on development for years. Suppliers and sub contractors are made up of regional agents, service companies and manufactures. The supply chain network is bound together by expertise, and the assumption that safety requirements and interruption-free operations should never come under compromise. Conventional definitions dictate that the large part of petroleum reserves are held by state-owned (or national) oil companies, which also produce most of the world’s crude oil supply. By virtue of their privilege of holding exclusive rights to the development and exploration of petroleum resources in their home countries, national oil companies also have the power to decide to what degree they may require the private companies’ participation in the activities of the industry. Further, the national oil companies are typically not compelled to strictly operate basing on market principles. For countries tha t are members of the

Fair Trade Brands - Secrets of the Worldwide Popularity Coursework

Fair Trade Brands - Secrets of the Worldwide Popularity - Coursework Example Fairtrade mainly exists in developing countries and it targets specific areas, for instance, the Handicrafts, Coffee Industry, Tea Industry etc, it does so in order to make sure that the workers and the producers are benefitted and their economic stature improves by participating in Fairtrade. To understand the concept better, its principles should be well understood and they are as follows: â€Å"Creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers, Fairtrade is a strategy for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Its purpose is to create opportunities for producers who have been economically disadvantaged or marginalized by the conventional trading system.† The most important principle of Fairtrade is to ensure that there are ample opportunities provided to the producer, the sole aim of Fairtrade is to ensure the well being of the workers and the producers and in this process the first is to provide opportunities to the producer because only when the producer has opportunities, it can be passed on to the workers. â€Å"Transparency and accountability, Fairtrade involves transparent management and commercial relations to deal fairly and respectfully with trading partners.† Another important principle of Fairtrade is to make sure transparency exists in every activity initiated by it, in the sense that every activity initiated by Fair trade should be without any fusses and problems, fair rules and policies are followed hence ensuring the economic and financial safety of the producer. Another important principle is to make sure that the producer gets complete independence, in the sense that he/she shouldn’t have restrictions hampering their growth, it provides a very good platform for the growth of the producers and it also improves their marketing skills by giving them access to the market where they get to know so many things which they wouldn’t have learned had they not participated in Fairtrade.

Higher Education Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Higher Education Curriculum - Essay Example As the report stresses in higher education, an academic curriculum is an academic plan that seeks to enable a learning experience as outlined in its blueprint for college and university students. The curriculum is also under a broad definition, which includes several constituents. The first is the goals for the student receiving the education; they include skills under development, knowledge gained under the curriculum and the attitude with which this knowledge is received. The second constituent in the curriculum is the content offered by the system. This is described as the subject matter which is studied in the learning experience. Sequence is also another important constituent of a curriculum. Sequence is the specific order with which information discourse to the learners. This paper discusses that the higher education curriculum has been under constant critique from its introduction due to several factors. During the 1980’s the critics were most aggressive citing lack of quality in the curriculum, poor accessibility by the learners and lack of relevance in terms of the needs of the learners. The job market and changes in tandem with the emerging challenges. This also influences the curriculum in terms of content. Therefore, there has to be constant change in order for the synchronization of students going through the higher education centers. In developing a curriculum, one has to consider the expectations of the learners from the curriculum, and the expectations of the job market from the learners.... The critiques in the 80’s were mostly managers and company heads who complained that the graduates they received had no knowledge on how to tackle problems. In developing a curriculum, one has to consider the expectations of the learners from the curriculum, and the expectations of the job market from the learners. In this way the curriculum developed is suitable for both the learner and the employer. As mentioned above, a curriculum is only effective if it molds learners to fit perfectly into the job market with less dependence on the bosses. The heads of the job fields are the main forces of change for a curriculum. No matter how much a higher learning institution feels it is providing well-educated graduates the job owners are always the final determinants of that. If they determine that a curriculum does not equip the graduates wholly, they point out where changes should be carried out and then the change is introduced to the curriculum. In changing a curriculum, the first step is identifying the problems in the already existing curriculum. In this stage, research is conducted pointing out exactly where there are limitations in the curriculum. This is done throughout the system including the knowledge provided by the institution, the method of providing it, how the learners perceive it and the sequence with which it is under provision. This step entails thorough scrutiny of the curriculum and identification of all problems. The second step is assessing what learners are available and what kind of graduates the market requires. In this stage, consideration of the learner’s expectation is important. The next step is to outline the goals and objectives of the curriculum, which help in carrying out the fourth step which is

Fair Trade Brands - Secrets of the Worldwide Popularity Coursework

Fair Trade Brands - Secrets of the Worldwide Popularity - Coursework Example Fairtrade mainly exists in developing countries and it targets specific areas, for instance, the Handicrafts, Coffee Industry, Tea Industry etc, it does so in order to make sure that the workers and the producers are benefitted and their economic stature improves by participating in Fairtrade. To understand the concept better, its principles should be well understood and they are as follows: â€Å"Creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers, Fairtrade is a strategy for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Its purpose is to create opportunities for producers who have been economically disadvantaged or marginalized by the conventional trading system.† The most important principle of Fairtrade is to ensure that there are ample opportunities provided to the producer, the sole aim of Fairtrade is to ensure the well being of the workers and the producers and in this process the first is to provide opportunities to the producer because only when the producer has opportunities, it can be passed on to the workers. â€Å"Transparency and accountability, Fairtrade involves transparent management and commercial relations to deal fairly and respectfully with trading partners.† Another important principle of Fairtrade is to make sure transparency exists in every activity initiated by it, in the sense that every activity initiated by Fair trade should be without any fusses and problems, fair rules and policies are followed hence ensuring the economic and financial safety of the producer. Another important principle is to make sure that the producer gets complete independence, in the sense that he/she shouldn’t have restrictions hampering their growth, it provides a very good platform for the growth of the producers and it also improves their marketing skills by giving them access to the market where they get to know so many things which they wouldn’t have learned had they not participated in Fairtrade.

Maritime Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maritime Environmental Issues - Essay Example El Nino is characterized by extended differences on surface temperatures in Pacific Ocean compared to the average temperature value. It is a cooling or warming of at least 0.9 0F or 0.5 0C in average over east central of tropical Pacific Ocean (Philander1990). In general, the anomaly takes place at an interval of between 3 to 7 years regularly and lasts for between nine months and two years. This anomaly is characterized by events such as: rise in pressures in the surface over Australia, Indonesia, and Indian Ocean; a fall in atmospheric pressure over the eastern and central Pacific Ocean and Tahiti; arising warm air near Peru which usually causes rains in the deserts of northern Peruvian; weakening trade winds in Pacific; and spreading warm water from the west Pacific to the east Pacific and Indian Ocean. This causes extensive drought in west Pacific and rain to the eastern Pacific which is normally dry (Hayes 1991). El Nino is often characterized by warm temperatures, this is becau se of its warm rush of the tropical water that is poor in nutrients and is majorly heated by its tendency of eastern passage through the equatorial current where it displaces the cold water on the surface of the Humboldt Current which is rich in nutrients (McPhaden 1993. In cases where El Nino conditions and/ or episodes lasts for quite long, then the reduction in the trade winds in the east and the extensive warming of the ocean limits the nutrient rich cold deep water together with its economic effects to the local fishing for the international market (Lee 2000). These quasi periodic patterns of climate are experienced across tropical Pacific Ocean approximately after every 5 years. The anomaly phenomenon takes place due to the Southern Oscillation which varies the air pressure of the surface water in the western Pacific and the temperatures of water surface in the eastern Pacific Ocean (Brown 1986). It is the extremes of the oscillations that results into the anomalies of the wea ther conditions in many parts of the world. Those developing countries that boarder Pacific Ocean are widely affected. The phenomenon that characterizes El Nino with unusual warm temperatures of the surface of the ocean in the eastern and central tropical Pacific and unusual cool temperatures of the surface water of the ocean in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, results from the strong circulation of the air in the tropics. This oscillation is famous for influencing climate patterns and weather around the globe (Roberts 1993). Observations have been made on the occurrence of the events resulting from La Nina and El Nino. There is a drift towards the cool neutral side in relation to the sub surface and surface of the temperatures of the ocean along side various changes in the circulation of atmosphere (Dietrich 1999). These changes have indicated a drastic movement in the odds of La Nina that forms in the forthcoming period. This has resulted into uncertainty and the need for close monitoring for any particular signs of future developments. Today, El Nino has been characterized by oscillation of the atmosphere system of the ocean in the tropical Pacific which poses very significant consequences on the weather and climate around the globe. These consequences include high rainfall in Peru and the southern tier of the Unites States, drought and destructive flooding in West Pacific, and in some cases associated with distressing bush fires in Australia (Herpes 2001). El Nino results into warmer winters