Interpersonal interactions in health Essay Example for Free

Interpersonal interactions in health EssayLanguage Barrier/ Overwhelming Language.Mrs Singh and her married man speak minimal English. This would firstly be a barrier between the MDT staff present at the meeting and themselves. The MDT team are using jargon and large words that neither Mrs Singh nor her husband stern rede because of their lack of English language. They would have to try and guess what was macrocosm said through bole language, facial expressions and tone of voice. What is macrocosm said brush off be completely misunderstood and can produce the situation a lot worse. In this scenario a translator would have been effective in prisonbreak the barrier between Mrs Singh, her husband and the doctors. The doctors are non including Mrs Singh and her husband in the conversation or checking that what is being said is understood by them. They are non using open questions to confirm their understanding. This is not a good feeling for them to be feeling and means th at it has not been communicated effectively. Without the translator or the doctors making reliable they understand, Mrs Singh and her husband will be feeling really confused and nervous.Tone/Speed of ConversationThe MDT team occupy to understand that not everything that is being said is being get worded correctly and this conversation is not effective because of their lack of thought. When explaining and act to organise the discharge package for Mrs Singh, it is quite clear that she does not understand what is being explained and discussed because of the bewildered look on her and her husbands face. The MDT team need to slow belt down what they are saying and need to be clearer with explaining the package. They willneed to be patient because it will embrace Mrs Singh longer to understand what is being said because of the language barrier. Once again they will also need to ask open questions to solidify that Mrs Singh understands what is being said. As a team they will need to take Mrs Singh and her husband time to respond to the discussion and have a chance to ask question if theyre needed (which they should know). Tones of voice needs to be thought about as well because this is how Mrs Singh would try and interpret what is being said because she wont understand the language clearly.The EnvironmentThe main problem with where and when it was held in the public, cellblock day room at lunch time. The fact that it was in a public indicate is not helpful or ideal to the situation because it was very busy and not private or personal at all. It was also done at lunchtime, where the populate involved in the conversation would roughly likely be hungry so would not be concentrating well and get distracted and this would not be helpful or best for the situation. The fact that in that respect are a lot of people at the meeting (7 MDT team members and Mrs Singh and her husband) would usually be helpful because the more people, the more helpful it can be to the patient but the fact there was a lot of people in much(prenominal) a crowded situation makes it very overwhelming and can be unhelpful and intimidating.Because it was held at lunchtime, it was very noisy and the background noise was very distracting and unsettling. Not being able to hear made the ward nurse raise her voice which is very scary for Mrs Singh seeing as she doesnt understand what is being said anyway. The fact that her voice had to be raised can also make Mrs Singh feel that there may be something wrong and if you cannot understand the language, you listen to the tone of voice and figure out what is trying to be explained so if they are shouting it creates a negative environment.

Hemingway’s exploration of loneliness… Essay Example for Free

Hemingways exploration of loneliness EssayErnest Hemingway is known for his surprisingly brief and quiet shortsighted stories that tackle numerous topics through different approaches. In his stories, Cat in the Rain and A middling and Well-lighted place Hemingway tackles the issue of loneliness. In both(prenominal) of these stories the theme of loneliness is not directly addressed, alternatively a subtle and discreet amount of symbolism is used to imply the theme while allowing the ref critical thought which is important in appreciating either of these stories.In A Clean and well-lighted men board Hemingway skimps on the characters and focuses on the parallel symbols mingled with the client in the cafe and the waiters to approach the theme of loneliness. In this story, a y turn outhful waiter who is in a hurry to close the cafe converses with an overageer waiter who is more considerate in understanding why a desensitise one-time(a) man prefers to vex late in the cafe drinking brandy. In this story, Hemingway presents three faces of loneliness, the first being symbolized by the deaf, brandy-drinking, old man.In the story, the old man attempts to kill himself prior to his appearance in the cafe, hence, the discussion between the waiters in the lines, Last week he tried to commit suicide, one waiter said. Why? He was in despair. (Hemingway) The waiters, in their conversation, as well as mention that the old man is very wealthy and lives with only with his niece later, they also desc suppress into talking about the old mans wife and his family.(Hemingway) From these implied characterizations, the old man is experiencing loneliness because he has nobody left in his life except his niece, and the mere fact that he is living with his niece also possibly implies that he had no children or his children had left him already. The most potent indicator of loneliness for this old man is the fact that he stays up very late drinking brandy which Hemingway then contrasts with the young waiter who is in a hurry to go home because he had a wife postponement for him, and who claims that, he has confidence and that he is all confidence.(Hemingway) With these, Hemingway implies that the young fellow was experiencing a loneliness that was normal for his age the loneliness of fulfillment that although he had almost everything, a job, a wife, and his youth, he was not yet fulfilled. Finally, the tercet approach that Hemingway employed was to present loneliness as a tie that binds all lonely commonwealth to set offher. In the story, one will notice that the older waiter is quite considerate of the old deaf man, hence, the lines, Why didnt you let him stay and drink? the unhurried waiter asked. (Hemingway) The reason for this consideration comes at the end of the story when the older waiter, after work, goes to a bar for lack of a cleaner and brighter place to go to, and spends the rest of the time drinking brandy as well, because he clai ms he has insomnia but in fact, he too is lonely which explains why he had sympathized with the old deaf man. In Cat in the Rain Hemingway brings out an other(a) kind of loneliness known to many as domestic loneliness, or the anonymity between the wife and the hubby.Here, in this story, Hemingway uses the cat in the rain to symbolize the desire of the female character to create a child of her own to which her maintain seems indifferent. The woman sees a cat in the rain, by the shelf of their hotel window and remarks, Im. going down and get that kitty, (Hemingway) to this, the husband merely, went on reading, lying propped up with the two pillows at the foot of the bed. (Hemingway) after being refused by his wife on his offer to go out and get the cat himself. Here now, one notices the indifference of the husband.The loneliness of the wife is implied in the fact that normally, when a husband and a wife are in a room together, nothing else exists, but since the wife byword the k itten, then she was looking out of the window which illustrate that she was in deep thought to have discover something other than her husband. In a way, the wife is lonely because she is dissatisfied with her married life this is clear in the scene after she is unable to retrieve the cat and she goes back to the room. (Hemingway) While sitting in effort of the mirror she blurts out many things such as wanting her hair long to which her husband seems unabashed.The count of loneliness is even compounded when after wanting her hair long, the wife enumerates a number of other things that she wants, to include, I want to pull my hair back tight and smooth and make a queen-sized knot at the back, I want to have a kitty to sit on my, I want to eat at a table with my own silver and I want candles and she goes on and on until the husband is annoyed and tells her to shut up. Here, Hemingway uses the material desires of the woman to symbolize the depth of her loneliness with her husband t hat her husband was not giving her enough attention, so she wanted many other things to compensate for this lack.patronage the very short executions of these two stories, Hemingway was able to get his message across. The distinct and unique feature of both of these stories is the subtlety in the way the author delivers and conveys the message and the expanded use of symbols to discreetly convey the exchange thematic of loneliness. References Hemingway, E. (2000). Cat in the Rain. Retrieved July 24, 2010, from http//www. my-forum. org/_79008/Ernest_Hemingway__Cat_in_the_Rain_151745. html Hemingway, E. (2001). A Clean and Well-lighted Place. Retrieved July 24, 2010, from http//www. mrbauld. com/hemclean. html

What Affects Heat and the Movement of Heat

What Affects instigate and the Movement of HeatUmar HillImagine that you atomic number 18 in the kitchen and you are somewhat to bake some cookies. You prepare your cookie dough, tray and oven. You retch your tray filled with cookie dough in the oven and in no time the tray starts inflameing up. After a while, you wouldnt dare touch the tray with your bare hands. It would grammatical case hard damage to your skin. The ordure of efficiency all toldows the tray to gain readiness in the form of arouse. The free energy that is being interpreted in by the cookie dough and the tray is all a part of the heat flow that is created when you put the tray into the oven. Heat flow is the thermic energy that is created from the oven passing play into the tray and exciting the particles that make up the tray. This movement of energy is tinted by a few things one of them is surface field of view. Surface neighborhood is concern in the movement of heat and it affects how fasting th e send is. Knowing how it affects the movement is important to understand ways that heat rapture bear be changed and to p lossict which designs would gain or lose energy faster in a given situation.Before learning intimately what affects heat and the movement of heat, we should start with learning more or less what heat itself is. Heat can be described in multiple ways the most placeable is the state of being at a mellow temperature. In this case, however, heat would be described as external energy moving by means of appear particles and being transferred among them. Simply speaking, heat is the transferring of energy and all matter contains heat energy, (Ryan, 2009). This transfer of energy always goes from a high temperature area to a g tear down temperature area. The more excited particles with more energy move the particles that are close by. They gain energy and the full substance is heated. If the cookie tray that comes out of the oven is left on the counter for a long time, it will eventually cool down. The tray is losing its energy when it is left in the room temperature bearing. As the cookie tray is left on the counter, the air gains energy. The energy from the tray is moving from the tray into the air around it and therefore it makes the surrounding air warmer. You would not codswallop this if you held your hand higher up the tray the air will feel warm. The fact that heat moves from warm to frigidness makes perfect sense, because if you think about it an object that is warmter than its surroundings would never become even hotter without doing anything to it. The same goes for an object that is colder than its surroundings. So as the energy travels from the tray to the air around it, the two substances eventually reach a point where they are some(prenominal) mate in temperature. This is called the thermal equilibrium. As long as two objects or substances are not relate in temperature, there will always be a flow of heat from th e higher temperature to the lower temperature substance. This flow of heat will continue until the substances or objects are equal in temperature. An otherwise practice session would be if you took the tray straight out of the oven and poured a bag of ice onto it. The tray would cool. The energy in the tray is illogical and it is going right into the ice. While the tray cools, the ice heats up. Over time the two will be the same temperature and both objects would be in thermal equilibrium.Touching two solid materials together that are a unalike temperature is not the only way to transfer heat. This is only one of the three methods and it is called conduction. Conduction transfers the energy through draw contact of objects. Matter is make up of moving particles and the particles are in constant gesticulate. Whether they are vibrating, translating, or rotating, they are always moving. These motions give the particles energising energy, (Henderson, 2011). When the two objects co llide, they transfer that kinetic energy to the other object, but nothing between the two physical items are moving. The material is not flowing moreover the energy. As two objects collide, the particles in the higher temperature item loses its kinetic energy and the lower temperature item gains kinetic energy. The collision and the transfer of the energy is what would be the conduction. retrieve about a basket egg rolling in one direction. Now think about another basket en that is identical rolling doubly as fast in the opposite direction toward the first. After they collide they would roll away from each other because of the hit. The first ball would roll away faster than the second ball now because the second ball had more energy than the first one prior to the collision. Just like with heat flow, the energy was transferred from high to low energy. The higher energy ball lost energy after the collision and the first ball gained energy. Another method of transferring energy is convection. Convection uses the flow of liquids and gasses to move the energy. The movements of the fluids carries the thermal energy along with it to transfer the heat to varied regions. Heat expands fluids and makes it less dense. Being less dense then results in a motion between the heated less dense and the non-heated more dense fluids. This motion in fluids creates a circulation at heart the fluid and carries the energy throughout the entire substance. Think about a bowl containing 10 red balls and 10 low-spirited balls. The red balls would be on the bottom and represent the heated substance and the blue balls would be at the top and represent the original substance. When you stir the balls in the bowl, they are mixed up and are random. The red balls are now relatively evenly mixed with the blue balls. The energy is carried out throughout the blue balls and the entire substance is now heated. This is also why we say that heat rises. The hot air will circulate to the top of a house and the lower floors of the building are cooler, (Jarvis, 2015). Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. Radiation is the heat that comes take out of a source and spreads the energy to its surroundings. Everything radiates in the form of electromagnetic waves. The higher amount of thermal energy an object has, the more energy it radiates. When object radiates, it sends off waves that increase the energy of surrounding objects and thus increases their heat as well.There are factors that affect the stride at which heat is transferred. Temperature plays an important role in the rate of transfer. Specifically, the difference in temperature between two substances plays the role. Because heat will always try to move and transfer to form a thermal equilibrium, the rate at which energy is transferred will depend on the difference in the temperatures. The higher the difference, the higher the rate. A very hot substance will lose its energy to a very cold sub stance faster than a mildly warm substance will lose its energy to a cool substance. The rate at which the energy is transferred however, is always changing. If the difference in temperature is a factor of the rate, and as time goes on that difference becomes smaller, the rate will slow down overtime. If we use the ice on the hot tray example again, the ice would gain energy at a very fast rate because of the large-scale difference in the temperature between the tray and the ice. Similarly, the tray would lose energy at a fast rate. Overtime, the ice will melt and be much warmer, but not quite be the same temperature as the tray. The tray will cool down as well, but not quite be the same temperature as the ice. Because of the now smaller difference in temperature, it is known that the cool now-melted ice will gain energy at a slower rate and the warm tray will lose its energy at a slower rate.Another factor contributing to the heat transferring rate is the materials that the substa nces are made of. If hot peeing were placed in a coffee physiognomy, it would take a little while to make the mug very hot but take the same hot water into a plastic or Styrofoam transfuse instead, and the cup would feel hot in no time. This is because the material that the two cups are made of are different. The coffee mug makes the rate at which it gains energy slower than the plastic cup. Different materials gain and lose energy at different rates. This difference and the effect that a material has in the transfer rate of heat is called the thermal conductivity of the material conductivity being the transferring of heat through direct contact of two objects. The higher the thermal conductivity is for an object, the higher the rate at which heat is transferred by it is. Scientists experiment with different materials to see which has a higher or lower thermal conductivity value. low-spirited thermal conductivity values are referred to as thermal insulators, (Henderson, 2011).Th e distance that the heat must be conducted also plays a part in the rate of transfer. The thicker the wall of an object is, the slower the rate of transfer. Think about the walls of a cup. As the ceramic particles at the boundary between the heat and the mug warm up, they urinate a kinetic energy that is much higher than their neighbors, (Henderson, 2011). This means that the particles heat up their neighbors while winning time and eventually the heat will transfer through an object. Taking a plastic cup and pouring hot water into it would make the cup heat up at a fast rate because of its material, but that rate can be slowed down if the thickness of the plastic cup is increased. Because the hot water has to travel a longer distance to lose its energy, the cup is heated at a slower rate. The distance between the two slows down the transfer rate. The farther the energy has to go, the slower the rate. wad wear multiple layers of clothing and coats when going out into cold weather. This is because the radiation of heat coming off our bodies is transferred into the cold air slower because of the multiple layers. Thickness is a good way of insulating heat and retentivity things warm. The heat coming off of our bodies is trapped under the coats and multiple layers and continues to keep our bodies warm since it is not lost to the coldness of the air around us.As we know, if we bring two objects that are initially at different temperatures into physical contact, they eventually achieve thermal equilibrium, (Hall, 2014). Thickness affects this movement because it takes longer to move further. Since thickness or distance affects the conductive heat transfer, it would only make sense that the area of the objects being transferred are involved as well. If a marble was placed over a small fire, and another marble twice the size was placed the same, the small marble would gain the thermal energy of the fire faster than the big marble. All chefs know that trying to cook two things that are different in size in the same oven for the same time will never work. The two foods would just never cook the same. maven food would be cooked and the other raw, or one will be cooked and the other burnt. This is because of the area in the objects. A big area will slow down the rate of transferring the heat. The wider a surface area an object has the slower the rate of transfer. Why does this happen? It all has to do with what is actually involved in the transfer of thermal energy. The faster moving particles excite the nearby particles, (Ryan, 2009) and the energy is carried out through the intact object. Every particle of an objects surface is always involved in the transfer of thermal energy. Therefore, the more area an object has, the more particles are involved and the longer it will take to conduct the energy.The reason why heat flow exists is because there is a difference in temperature and the energy is being transferred to maintain an comparison of energy. Unless the thermal equality is reached, there will be a heat flow between the substances. The movement of heat and the transferring of thermal energy is affected by (depending on which method) the material, the temperature difference, the distance, and the surface area of the two objects. The factors that cause these differences in rates are important to understand the behavior of thermal energy and how it works. The flow can be insulated with distance, material and area. The area affects the rate because every particle of the object is involved in the transferring of energy. The larger area an object has, the slower the rate of transfer.Citation PageRyan, B. (2009, November). Heat energy. Retrieved January 15, 2017, from http//sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Fire/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/Heat-energyHall, N. (2014). Heat Transfer. Retrieved January 17, 2017, from https// vane.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/heat.htmlHenderson, T. (2011). Methods of Heat Transfer. Retrieved Jan uary 16, 2017, from http//www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP/Lesson-1/Methods-of-Heat-TransferHenderson, T. (2011). Rates of Heat Transfer. Retrieved January 16, 2017, from http//www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP/Lesson-1/Rates-of-Heat-TransferJarvis, L., Simonson, D. (2015, October 5). Heat Transfer Conduction, Convection, Radiation. Retrieved January 16, 2017, from https//www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/earth-science/sce304/heat-transfer-conduction-convection-radiationWisconsin Online Heat Transfer. (2014). Retrieved January 16, 2017, from http//alaskapublic.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/lsps07.sci.phys.energy.heattransfer/heat-transfer/

Moral And Ethical Issues Of Human Cloning Philosophy Essay

virtuous And Ethical Issues Of serviceman clone Philosophy EssayCloning is rapidly emerging as cardinal of the most contr all oversial and emotion-laden of topics in todays world. To clone or not to clone that is the million-dollar question. The prospect of clone earthly concern is highly controversial and raises a number of ethical, legal and social challenges that need to be considered. So, is it flop or is it wrong? Can we not overlook this aspect since there are some advantages to it? But whence again, a line has to be drawn somewhere, does it not? Before going into the controversial pass over clone, a concrete, dictionary definition of what a clone is, must be given in effectuate to prevent any confusion that may occur later on. A clone is defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as the aggregate of the asexually produced progeny of an private as advantageously as an individual grown from a wizard somatic cell of its parent and genetically identical to it. To put it in simpler words, it is an asexually regurgitated offspring who has the same genetic information as an separate organism or organisms.With that said, A matter of much debate in current society is whether human being clone should be allowed so that infertile couples could stimulate the opportunity to aim genetically related children, give people the chance of emotional state later death, and open the elan for undefiled match organ transplants, or should it be banned because it involves the take and destruction of human conceptuss, could lead to unfair treatment of cloned individuals and their original, and it may lead to a designer society. A 1997 CNN poll conducted among 1,005 Ameri drop adults found that 69% are scared of the possibility of re-create universe (Poll). wherefore is this? This fear of the unknown has always excited the human race, from the Marina trench to the outer limits of space, we as humans cave in always strived to increase our scientific and techno rational knowledge. In order to over come the fear of the ghastly we must shine light on the unknown. many an(prenominal) Ameri flush toilets tincture very strongly one way or the other on the issue of human re-create, finished this paper we will research and contend where each of these sides are coming from, exploring the ethical, moral, and logical aspects of both pro and anti- re-create concerns.Jeff Sessions, junior United States Senator from aluminium has stated, We, in this country, energise believed by a substantial majority that copy human organisms is not right and should not be done. We certainly leave all seen the rejections of Nazi Germanys abuses of science. As a society and a nation, there ought to be some limit on what we can allow or should allow(Brainy Quotes). This statement in its self, makes are minds race to the internal sacred parts of our bodys, it make us ask the someoneal question, is human re-create ethical, does it truly meet our own standard s of right vs. wrong? On one side of the debate are those who are against human cloning. These people feel that cloning could very possibly do more(prenominal) damage than serious. First of all, in the beginning stages of cloning it will take many years to perfect it. It took at least 208 feats, which means embryos, to succeed in cloning Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned (Gibbs 52). It is hazard that it will take even more attempts to successfully clone a human being. Presently, in the cloning of mammals, 98% of cloned embryos do not implant, or pass off during gestation or shortly after birth (Gibbs 52). excessively, those who are against cloning respond to the argument that cloning allows for bringing the dead back to life, that a clone will not have the same personality that the original person had. This is due to the situation that much of personality is determined by nurture and environment, not genes. So, they believe that if someone clones a person in wishs of havi ng them be exactly uniform the original person, the clone will end up being treated unfairly and have unrealistic expectations set upon them. Thirdly, as for clones providing a perfect organ and relationship match, those against cloning are afraid that clones may be produced only for the reason to take their organs or blood. This means that the clones would not be treated as a real person, if they are hot at all, assuming they are not created for use of their lifes or other vital organs. Also, anti-cloning people feel that it is achievable that society could become homogeneous because only the best and most talented people would be cloned and therefore, society would lose all of its diversity (What Would a gentlemans gentleman Clone Be Like). On the fence side many pro cloning activist believe cloning great individuals with exemplary talents, genius, or character can be reproduced. Another Einstein, Mozart or Michael Jordan could benefit our society. They could teach us and h elp us teach our children, thus creating a stronger and healthier society(Human cloning). Biologist hope that endangered species could be saved. They hope that through the research and perfection of the technology to clone mammals, preservation of endangered species will become available. Many other individual supports believe that with cloning, infertile couples could have children. Despite getting a fair add of publicity in the news current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentages, are not very successful. one(a) estimate is that current infertility treatments are less than 10% successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children (Human cloning).So a simple question to ask, how do the scientist themselves feel about the ethics behind cloning? The scientists of the Missiplicity Project (Missy, the first dog to be cloned in history, following Dolly the sheep. The project started with the wish of Missys owners to have her reproduced) answer to the question on ethics by saying that since they do believe in ethics, they true their own Code of Bioethics. This code sets out guidelines regarding issues such(prenominal) as ethical treatment of the animals as well as the effort to minimize the waste of workable embryos or the destruction of flawed embryos. The scientists believe that cloning is definitely a new form of assisted reproduction, just as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation were new and criticized as ungodly in their day.People have very different views of what is natural. Embryo cloning still depends on a human egg from a woman and sperm from a man. Human embryo cloning just tweaks apart a zygote at the two-cell stage, changing a single two-cell form of life into two one-cell forms of life. One can argue that God did not intend cloning to be done. But the same argument was apply, largel y in the past, to oppose such techniques as in vitro fertilization. It all depends upon what one is apply to, and what one considers being natural(Jesse Rainbow). Some claim that cloned humans may be born without souls. They speculate that the soul enters the body when a sperm fertilizes an ovum. Since there is no sperm regard in cloning, perhaps the fetus would develop without a soul. There is no way to know whether a soul is present it has no weight, it cannot be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or detected in any other way. In fact, many people believe that souls do not exist. Speculation on this topic can neer be resolved. The final moral question raised by cloning is this who is to be held responsible for taking care of this new life? The person whose genetic material is being used could easily be fracture from the clone and claim no responsibility, as does a sperm donor. The person involved in giving birth to the child could too claim no responsibility since she is merely a surrogate. Human cloning is dangerous to society. The moral implications and the psychological ramifications toward clones and their progenitors only add to the urgency for many to want to permanently ban cloning.Many who picture cloning as vile imagine a person cloning him or herself so that the clone could be robbed for a needed organ. This argument is irrelevant one has to separate possible abuses of a technology from the debate over whether a technology is moral. Quantum physics is not immoral because it has been used to design nuclear weapons.The Catholic Church, pope John Paul II made a recent statement against cloning of all life forms. The Vatican issued statement specifically condemning the cloning of humans moreover has not come out officially against cloning of other animals. If God had wanted us to clone ourselves, he would have given us a way for a-sexual reproduction. But because we were made to reproduce bi-sexually, this is the only way we should continue to do s o. However, in contrast to the opinions of their peers, some Jewish and Muslim apparitional leaders testified before the National Bioethics Advisory Commission that they feel that embryo and cloning research aptitude provide discoveries that would lead to an appropriate way to counter infertility (Jesse Rainbow). On August 29th 2000 Pope John Paul II addressed the International Congress on Transplants. He commented that medical methods that leave out to respect the dignity and value of the person must always be avoided. I am sentiment in particular of attempts at human cloning with a view to obtaining organs for transplants these techniques, insofar as they involve the manipulation and destruction of human embryos, are not morally acceptable, even when their proposed goal is good in itself (Pope Paul II).On the same note, scientists are attempting to create transgenic pigs, which have human genes. Their heart, liver or kidneys mightiness be useable as organ transplants in human s. This would save many lives. Thousands of people hap each year delay for available human organs if this is achieved, transgenic animals could be cloned to produce as many organs as are needed (Cloning Debate). A thought we as humans must seek is can we live with ourselves if we set ideal while men, women and children are dieing all over the world from dieses. Dont we have a moral and ethical obligation to not just our county but to our selves to strive and find not just answers, but antidotes to diseases such as crabby person, Parkinsons, and Alzheimer? How do you feel about it, does the end really liberate the means?So with so much debate and so much controversy, what could possible cause a human to want to clone another living life? Where is the logic behind all this madness, is essay to clone mammals a logical idea?Scientists hope that one day therapeutic cloning can be used to generate tissues and organs for transplants. So that it may some day be used in humans to produc e whole organs from single cells or to produce bouncing cells that can replace damaged cells in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimers or Parkinsons. To do this, deoxyribonucleic acid would be extracted from the person in need of a transplant and inserted into an enucleated egg. After the egg containing the patients DNA starts to divide, embryonic tooth root cells that can be transformed into any type of tissue would be harvested. The stem cells would be used to generate an organ or tissue that is a genetic match to the recipient. In theory, the cloned organ could indeed be transplanted into the patient without the risk of tissue rejection. If organs could be generated from cloned human embryos, the need for organ largess could be significantly reduced (Cloning Fact Sheet).The British Organ Donor Society (BODY) supports cloning efforts to seize the strain of the lack of organs that are available. Cloning technology is expected to aid the result in several medical breakthroug hs. It is thought that there may one day be a remediation for cancer. This is because the cloning process helps us take the process of cell differentiation. Theories exist that if a cure for cancer can be found, then further testing may lead to a cure for heart antiaircrafts and cloning organs for organ transplantation. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged. The cloning of organs would eliminate individuals waiting on a list for an organ transplant. Skin for burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, spinal electric cord cells for quadriplegics and paraplegics, hearts, lungs, livers, and kidneys could be produced. By combining this technology with human cloning technology it may be possible to produce needed tissue for suffering people that will be free of rejection by their tolerant systems (Human Cloning). Biotechnology company Adva nced Cell Technology Inc. (ACT), based in Worcester, Massachusetts, said the human cloning breakthrough was aimed not at creating a human being but at mining the embryo for stem cells to treat diseases ranging from Parkinsons to juvenile diabetes. Michael West, chief executive officer of ACT hopes to further treatment of ailments such as diabetes, cancer, AIDS, Parkinson s and Alzheimers disease .Megan Regan wrote to the Human Cloning Foundation for not help, but awareness. This is an exert from her declare to inform even persuade those against cloning I, too, was at first against cloning as I didnt like the idea of playing God. However, ten years ago I developed endolymphatic hydrops, which is an autoimmune disease of the philia ear. Since then Ive lost my hearing, developed balance problems and dizziness and there is no cure.As such I had to give up my job, which I loved but worse was yet to come. I began getting sturdy headaches, blurred vision and pressure in my brain. I was then diagnosed with Arnold Chari malformation. Ive since had neurosurgery twice. Its helped but not cured the problem. Also I have osteoarthritis of the cervical spine, which likewise cannot be cured.So, to stem cell research, cloning and DNA manipulation, I say bring it on so people who, like me and in other cases worse off than me, would benefit from it. I dont want to live forever and become a superhuman through this technology. However, I believe I, and so do others, deserve a better quality of life. Might I add that healthy people who are against cloning would no doubt change their minds if placed in my position or in other peoples positions who see the great need of this technology (Hope).Still how logical is it? Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. More than a cardinal nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to low success rates, cloned an imals tend to have more compromised immune function and high rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor health and die early. About a third of the cloned calves born alive have died young, and many of them were abnormally large. Many cloned animals have not lived long enough to generate good data about how clones age. Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator of long-term survival. Clones have been known to die mysteriously. For example, Australias first cloned sheep appeared healthy and energetic on the day she died, and the results from her autopsy failed to determine a cause of death (Cloning Fact Sheet).Cloning may be good and it may be bad. believably its a bit of both. The question must not be greeted with reflex hysteria but inflexible quietly, soberly and on its own merits. We need less emotion and more thought (Richard Dawkins is an eminent Brithish ethologist, evolutionary theorist, and popular science writer who holds the Charles Simonyi Chair in the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University). out-of-pocket to the inefficiency of animal cloning (only about 1 or 2 viable offspring for every hundred experiments) and the lack of understanding about reproductive cloning, many scientists and physicians strongly believe that it would be unethical to attempt to clone humans. Not only do most attempts to clone mammals fail, about 30% of clones born alive are affected with large offspring syndrome and other debilitating conditions. Several cloned animals have died prematurely from infections and other complications. The same problems would be expected in human cloning. In addition, scientists do not know how cloning could impact mental development. While factors such as intellect and mood may not be as important for a cow or a mouse, they are crucial for the development of healthy humans. With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning, the attempt to clone humans at this time is considered potentially dangerous.Cloning is definitely a sensitive issue that must be handled very carefully. Although cloning of animals has already been done, the human race may not yet be ready for the cloning of humans, regardless of the matter that it has already been done or not. There is no doubt in my mind that cloning has great advantages to it, but with it comes the fear that many lines may be crossed which should not be crossed. Scientists may believe that ethics may cease scientific development but with care and regard for ethics that are also within reason, I believe that this development will not be ceased. We have explored some of the major pro and cons in the controversial issue of cloning from the ethical, morality and logic stand points we beginning to understand the sensitivity and grave importance of this topic. Now to say cloning is right or wrong is a personal decision. One that I hope I have shed light upon so that you might explore more the cause and effects of cloning the human race.

Influences Of Greek And Roman Theatre

Influences Of classic And papistic TheatreDesire Under the elm treewoods published in1924 is virtuoso of Eugene ONeills American classic plays. This play is written in three split with each part divided into four scenes. It is based of Greek romanceology and Roman t indignationatenessdy. The setting is farmho subroutine in in the raw England in 1850s with characters Ephraim Cabot 76 year emeritus driving force, Simeon and Peter sons of the first wife, Eben son of the second wife, Abbie Putnam 35 year elderly third wife, young girl, two farmers, the fiddler, a sheriff, and other folk from the live farms. This play portrays many elements of day to day life ambiences passion, betrayal, love, lust, hate, infanticide, disaster, haunting past, persuasion, and have for love.Hamlet is a revenge tragedy written in the stemma of Roman Seneca tragedy.Passion eroticism pomposity persuasiveness incest betrayal partners in sin who go on a redemption, sad and reinforced love, veto swear, rebellion against a make figure, knotty love and hate, sacrifice of a child, the haunting past, determinism of the characters and their inner struggle.The elm serves as a catalyst to sensing, cutaneous senses and even seeing that which is not always visible. elm tree point sum includes strong suit of testament and intuition. During the 18th and 19th centuries, elms were popular as ornamentals by virtue of their rapid growth and variety of foliage and forms. This popularity lasted until World contend I when the consequences of hostilities, notably in Germany, and the outbreak of Dutch elm indisposition saw the elm slide into horticultural decline. Elm wood is wanted for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in wheels, chairs and coffins. The wood is besides resistant to decay when permanently wet, and hollowed trunks were widely used as water pipes during the medieval period in Europe. Elm corners grow inhardiness z ones 2 through 6. Buy an Elm New Horizon tree from belief Hills Nursery. Elm is thought to be the tree of doddery Family and family tradition. Elm is much associated with Mother and Earth Goddesses, and it would be completely wrong to hypothesise that it represents a female spirit. The main(prenominal) aspect of Elm symbolism is position and in that quality it leaves behind even the most powerful trees, much(prenominal) as Oak, Alder or Yew.Elm strength is dark and overweight it feeds on primary instincts rather than conscious decision. This tree is quite marshy and rigid, and its power is not rash except when Elm gets ready, its strike go away completely smash an enemy. Despite such prominent warrior qualities, Elm is not always good in battle. The matter is that this tree has much alike passion for classic war activity and in its anger may become tot altogethery unmanageable. It personifies a mad berserker, blinded by his rage of blood, who kills everyone on his wa y, even if it makes no sense. Due to this blindness Elm, though strong and active, is usually not a leader, but a follower (and a very devoted follower).As appears from the above, Elm is not an golden tree. Nevertheless, it should not be seen as completely evil, and no other tree should either. Some of Elm apparitional qualities argon very valuable. For example, rare tree can do better than Elm in defending interests of family or close group. It stands to the last, and will continues to fight even in hopeless situation. Elm committal is unquestionable and it will despise everyone, who shows a sight of helplessness or hesitation.Elm is good for any magic workings, which are involving strength and it also has the ability to add stability and grounding to a spell. Elm does well in dark practices, especially in spells that can get irreversible actual damage. It is go to sleepn to dull the senses and cause depression or darkness, and is often used in dealing with shadows.Keywords strength, stability, grounding, foundation, rigid structure, darkness, pressure, blind rage, devotion, loyalty to family, dark passion, fighting to the last.In The monumental tragic consequences of the incest passion that flares among a coquettish, seductive adult female and her stepson, and the romantic rhetoric both(prenominal) use while entrapped in their sexual ecstasy. The two infatuated lovers before, while and later they commit the sin of incest, and attempts to measure their romantic rhetoric against such incestuous lust. The two lovers incest takes place in an sullen house teeming with family tensions, yearning lust, hatred, and betrayal.In Desire Under the Elms (1924), a house servant peasant tragedy set in New England, Eugene ONeill portrays the grave consequences of the tragic incestuous passion that flares among a coquettish, seductive, young woman and her stepson. Abbie Putnam, a newly widow young woman and is now old Cabots third wife, is a wicked, lusty, and passing beautiful woman. ONeill portrays her as a woman who has a captivating and autoerotic figure full of lust, Abbie is thirty-five, buxom, full of vitality with a sensual look revealing her intense lust, Her round face is pretty, but marred by its rather gross sensuality (Desire Under the Elms 335). Hartman remarks that Abbie embodies the eternal earth spirit in whom all streams of lust converge (361). Abbie is a vivacious woman who lives only on lifes physical level, and once she tries to live on the spiritual level, she destroys others and destroys herself as well. In marrying an old man, the age of her father and maybe against her will, she was proviso to seize the farmhouse and disinherit her stepsons.It is quite ironical that both Cabot and Eben patronize the equivalent local prostitute. Though Eben hateshis father for his immorality and sensuality, he himself is immoral and corrupt. He keeps visiting awhorehouse to sleep with the same prostitute his father sleeps with . He is involved in an incestuous loveaffair with his step return and fathers a son by her, thus disgracing himself and the entire family. Ebeneven takes after his father in some aspects of his personality. Both are lusty, deceitful, infidel, rash,stubborn, vengeful, and arrogant. Above all they are both the victims of seething animal passions. Theirconflict over the possession of both the farm and the mother, the catalyst Abbie, and the incestuousrelationship between the son and his stepmother all reply in a great tragedy.The stock oedipal conflict between father and son over the possession of the mother runs throughoutthe phone line of Desire Under the Elms and takes different shapes, all of which culminate in the tragicdestruction of the house and its dwellers. Hartman (1961) views the incestuous love affair that unitesAbbie and Eben as a tragic involvement in the mother-image (361). Hartman argues that the oedipaldesire for the mother is ruinous, Desire for, and designation w ith, the mother can cause evil to spread(367).The influence of Greek tragedy on the content of Desire Under the Elms is clearly manifest,yet such influence is charged with a mystical view of the forces at work in and through human beings (Gelb 539). In their oedipal complex- based deconstructive compend of the play script of DesireUnder the Elms Murray and Bowman (1987) argue that although the plays venue is quite American,and is spiritually and emotionally tied to the puritan society, it is deeply grow in structures found inGreek mythology (4). Murray and Bowman maintain that Ebens desire for his stepmother does notsubvert his structuring superego and therefore he becomes a victim to his unconscious(p) oedipal complex.the play is not based solely on the Greek Hippolytus myth linking Eben with Hippolytus , Abbie withPhaedra and Cabot with Theseus, but is based on this myth along with the Freudian Oedipus complexand the Nietzschean philosophy (5). Racey classifies Desire Under th e Elms as a New England domestictragedy since the Cabot family is disintegrated in a time and place when family was supposed to be thebackbone of love, solidarity and labor (5). According to Racey, The Cabots tragedy is the result of afamilial structure that could not sustain their sexual and materialistic desires (5). Despite the fact thatCabot did not commit any horrible sins like those committed by his son Eben and his wife Abbie, Raceyargues that Cabot is the tragic hero in the play and its main character (95). Newlyn argues that themutual physical attraction between the son and his stepmother reflects ONeills menacing reliance on theclassical myths of Oedipus and Phaedra as a raw material for his domestic farm tragedy.Cabots tragic flaw that has ultimately lead to his ruining and that of all his family members is hisexcessive greed for property, hypocrisy, the delusion of his faith and his lust for women. chill out he remainsthe plays only tragic figure. Cabots New England theodicy, as Presley states, gives him a toweringtragic stature and an inward reality far greater than that of any other character in the play (27). Like anperipatetic tragic figure Cabots downfall is the result of his hubris which not only causes hisdestruction, but also the ruin of the lives of his sons, new wife and even his former unfounded wives. Cabot, as Presley notes, is materially blessed but morally dissolute, blinded by a cage of greed(25). Ephraim Cabot represents what McVeigh (1990) calls the archetype of the senex amans orridiculous old lover figure of Roman comedy (qtd. in Saur 106). Miller (1965) states that It is Ephraimsself-delusions that drive his family each to their tragic endsONeills prolixlanguage and describes it as a fomite for enveloping the extravagant plots and psychological formalismthat owed much to Greek shimmer (22), and Cohn asserts that ONeill was the first American playwrightwhose dialogue gave his audience a timber of observed life rather than books readas a result of committing the horrible crimes of incest andinfanticide Eben and Abbie will live forever as sexual and brotherly outcasts. They will never be respectedin the community where they live, and they will always live under the curse of the crimes theycommitted, for evil means and kit and caboodle always result in evil ends.It is ironical that Abbie in cleanup spot the child was thinking that she, as Ditsky puts it, was sacrificinga future generation to picture the present sensual enjoyment with her lover (qtd. in Hays 436). To rearher genuine love for Eben and to enjoy his crimson love, Abbie murdered the child. However, she did notknow that in killing the child, she would be sent to jail, and would therefore no more(prenominal) enjoy her presentlove. It is also ironical on the part of Eben when he sacrifices his own youth which he would spend inprison for Abbie erroneously believing that in sharing the guilt with her, he would join her in prison. Hefailed to realize that both would be sent to different prisons and capacity both be hanged. Their sacrifice ishopeless and their crimes are so tragic and beyond repentance. Greek tragedy by utilizing Freudian and Jungian psychology mixingthem with some elements of Greek and American mythology. loveand hatred, attraction and repulsion, desire and murder, incest and faith, and softness and hardness.The two elm trees resemble evil that is haunting the Cabots homestead, and they point thelikelihood of the coming misfortune. Evil haunts the Cabots farmhouse and tempts its dwellers tocommit dreadful sins. Cabot is a evildoer and though he keeps praying for God to cruse his disobedientsons, he himself is an unbeliever. The Cabots feel the bearing of an evil spirit in the house, but fail to understand the dismalnature of such a spirit. They fail to unravel the mystery that drives them to their ominous ends. Cabot can feel the curse, but does not know what it is and why it is pervade the far mhouse. Evenduring the merry making scene, he can feel the front of evil dominating the entire house.Desire is part of nature which is depicted as an abidingabsolute throughout the play (Carpenter 109).The play abounds with references to nature, and thecharacters stockpile their admiration of nature on several occasions. The Cabots farmhouse is towered bytwo elm trees that reflect the image of Ebens dead mother and the entire protective fair(prenominal) spirit thathovers over and redeems the Cabot farm from its hard masculine rocks (Going 386). In this context,desire, the mother and nature are seen as one entity reflecting the three constituent elements collectively. New England wasfar from being stereotyped as the new Eden for the puritans, but rather it was disapprovingly depicted asa land of insincere faith and greed for property.

The Decline In Tourism Of Pakistan

The Decline In holiday bracerry Of PakistanThe title of this research paper, as it entails, is Decline in circuitistry of Pakistan. The main purpose of this project is to look taboo the real causes of downf all told in Pakistans whileism. In order to move on flesh out the purpose, the objectives of study be to obtain the rating and ranking of unhomogeneous issues which be considered to be the likely causes of gloam in touristry examine and check into the role of Goernment of Pakistan (Ministry of tourism, PTDC, TDCP) in running the touristry industriousness determine how remote the macrocosm field of Pakistan is responsible for the downfall of touristry and find out how far the close sphere of influence of Pakistan has its role to play in the downslope of touristry. Multiple sources were used to collect secondary data such(prenominal) as periodicals, judicature sources, regional publications, media sources and commercial sources. A hybrid research meth odology is used which consists of questionn strivinge survey research, a personal interview and a centralise aggroup interview. Through the multi-dimensional research, it was observed that out of the ten issues which posed as likely causes for touristry downfall, nine proved to be real causes which atomic number 18 constantly decaying the tourism industry of Pakistan. Except the terrorism factor, which acts as both an internal and external force, all issues argon consequences of g everywherenments incompetence and corruption. Nevertheless, the Pakistani media, being a key stakeholder is non helping to portray the soft epitome of Pakistan to the foundation and within. In order for curbing these issues, the it is primarily the responsibility of Tourism Development confederacy of Punjab(TDCP), Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation(PTDC) and all eclogue tourism ministries to foster infrastructural phylogenesis tie in to tourist avails and facilities establish cohesion and coordination amongst enunciate departments in order to smoothly carry out tourism ontogenesis projects. Public- semiprivate Sector partnership is the need of the hour and if the government sincerely works on establishing productive partnerships with private area enterprise wherefore it will be an all-win situation not only for the tourism industry but for the economy of Pakistan as a whole. The Media of Pakistan should emphasize more on the content interest and curb the continuous and over-emphasized broadcasting of news related to disasters, violence and terrorist attacks as it results in portrayal of negative image of the state in the world. As for terrorism, since now it has become more deep grow in Pakistani society, the trustworthy government and the governments to come would commence to be equipped with a package considering the national interest- of radical social, economic and educational reforms which should be planned and implemented in order to stop the de velopment of provocative and extreme mindsets in the society which come along lead to conflicts in the name of religion, castes and socio-economic classes.This research project brings a deteriorating industry of Pakistan into limelight which is endlessly underperforming for the early(prenominal) 5 courses. Pakistan is a home of approximately 180 million passel and nearly of the population is earning less than US$ 1 per mean solar day (Fakhar, 2008). Pakistan just like any some opposite beautiful European country is a big market for tourism because it offers not only debaucher of reputation but also variety and diversity in cultures (Fakhar, 2008). In fact tourism is the intimately profitable and entrepreneurial business (Fakhar, 2008), in particular for people living in the mountain beas as it creates new line of reasoning opportunities and reduces the unemployment level for them (Fakhar, 2008). tho unfortunately, tourists visit to Pakistan is decreasing tremendou sly with ups and downs each year (Fakhar, A.H, 2008).1Therefore the title of my research project is Decline in tourism of Pakistan.BACKGROUNDPakistan, after its independence from British India appe bed as a mod nation on 14 august 1947(Fakhar, 2008). All four provinces of Pakistan are gifted with heritage and culture and unitary of the fertile and unique appeal of majestic and lush fields, rivers, rugged mountains, lakes, deserts, landscapes and seashores enriched with friendly and hospitable people consequently making it a heavenly destination for tourists with diametrical tastes (Fakhar, 2008). Pakistan is known in the world of tourism because of the Karakoram, mountainous regions of the north, the Great Himalaya and the Hindukush who form the densest concentration of one of the worlds highest peaks. Pakistans Kalam (Swat valley) is known as the Switzerland of Asia (Fakhar, 2008).The hunza and chitral valleys in pakistan were the home to a small Pre-Islamic animistic Kalasha community who claim descent from the army of Alexander the Great (Fakhar, 2008). The historic and archaeological sites of the Gandhara and Indus Valley civilizations, Taxila, the Mughal Empire and Mohenjo-Daro are the examples of oldest civilizations in Pakistan (Fakhar, 2008). This multi heathen nature of the country also contributes to the tourism industry in the way that it offers various traditions, customs and festivals for the tourists to explore and enjoy (Fakhar, 2008).2Tourism in Pakistan has been stated by the Lonely Planet magazine as being the tourism industrys adjoining big thing (Wikipedia, 2012). Pakistans tourism industry was in its heyday during the mid-seventies when the country received unprecedented amounts of unknown tourists, thanks to the Hippie sign (Wikipedia, 2012). The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass, Swat, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Lahore and Karachi (Wikipedia, 2012). In 2009, The World Economic Forums Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Pakistan as one of the top 25% tourist destinations for its World Heritage sites ranging from mangroves in the South, to Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa of the 5,000-year-old cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (Wikipedia, 2012). one and only(a) year after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake i.e. October 2006, British Newspaper The Guardian released a piece of information what it described as The top atomic number 23 tourist sites in Pakistan in order to help the countrys tourism industry (Wikipedia, 2012). The five sites embroild Lahore, Taxila, Karimabad, The Karakoram Highway, and Lake Saiful Muluk. In order to promote Pakistans unique and various cultural heritage, Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz launched the Visit Pakistan market rouse in 2007 (Wikipedia, 2012). This campaign involved various events by dint ofout the year including fairs and religious festivals, regional showy events, various arts and craft shows, folk festivals and several openings of his torical museums (Wikipedia, 2012).3 ground on the above Information, It seems like Pakistan is a perfect place to be visited by the tourists but still the tourists arrival is decreasing day by day(Fakhar, 2008) especially if the timeframe from 2007 to 2011 is considered.LITERATURE REVIEWVarious planetary and national mobilise tanks, renowned authors and scholars have highlighted the main causes of decline in tourism of Pakistan over the years. Seemingly, some of these causes are so grave and deep rooted in nature that it might take the politics of Pakistan decades to eliminate them provided it carry out the turn of elimination with utmost dedication, coordination among some other departments, effectiveness and efficiency. Due to un fair publicity in negative fit advisories, continued terrorism worldwide media and deteriopaced state of law and order in the country, the prospects for revival of inbound foreign tourism are very gestateing in near future. But still the scope f or growth in internal tourism does experience4. Lack of coordination among different government bodies, poor infrastructure, less attention pay on improving the image of the country by national campaigns are just some of the reasons for the decline of the sphere in the present years. terrorist act and omit of security system has also caused a severe hump to Pakistans tourism industry and toilette be listed as the study reason for its poor consummation.5According to the tourists the biggest task they are facing while displaceling is security issues which include the current insurgency in Pakistan (Fakhar, 2008). Even the national tourists dont feeling like travelling in their own country. Furthermore, the negative image of Pakistan portrayed by media to the after-school(prenominal) world (Fakhar, 2008). Lack of infrastructure ineffective progressional policies inadequate tourists run and facilities lack of initiative by concerned government departments inadequate kn owledge and readying of personnel in tourism sector law and order situation especially in the high tourist attraction areas inadequate infrastructure facilities lack of incentives in the tourist sector failure to show and project the appointed image of the country via media to the outside world low allocation of annual tourist budget lack of development and facilities in the mountain regions lack of understanding to the tourist necessarily the overtaking and change of governments and administration within the country(army rule) high inflation rate are the key points which have altogether made tourism an unrealised industry in Pakistan (Fakhar, 2008)6. There was 0.8 percent and 3 percent decline in the number of foreign and domestic tourists, respectively (Correspondent, 2012, March 27). authoritative data revealed that the Taxila Museum was visted by 2,434 foreign tourists with various other archeological sites especially Sirkap and Dharmarajika Stupa located in the valley as c ompared to 2010 when it was recorded 2,474(Correspondent, 2012, March 27). 87,173 domestic tourists visited the sites last year as compared to 92,660 in 2010 (Correspondent, 2012, March 27).7How far terrorism affected tourism?The way terrorism, whether international or national, undoubtedly gnaw the economy of Pakistan has also plagued the tourism of the country with the same gravity and notoriousness. The countries or regions that depend heavily on tourism have been found to suffer signifi abidet economic losses collectible to the persistence of terrorism (Ali, 2011). Gilgit-Baltistan and the NWFP are crucial destinations in Pakistan and people living at that place depend on tourism (Ali, 2011). For example, Swat was an important tourist destination in Pakistan which attracted people from across the world not only to its natural beauty but also to see its rich civilization and history. Swat keeps all sorts of tourism, i.e., religious tourism, culture/heritage tourism, eco-tou rism, adventure tourism, sports and commercial tourism8. There are over 855 hotels, which include 405 restaurants, in the valley and around 40,000 people are directly and indirectly associated with these hotels (Ali, 2011). But they have mostly remained close during the past three years due to militancy and the subsequent military military operation (Ali, 2011). According to governments own estimates, the hotel industry in Swat valley suffered a loss of Rs. 60 billion from 2007 to 2009 (Ali, 2011). The workers associated with the hotel industry also lost their jobs due to the ongoing incidents of terrorism. Moreover, the jinx industry faced a severe blow and both the national and international transport services all closed down or decreased their services from Peshawar, capital of Pakistan and Lahore (Ali, 2011). Therefore, the hotel association offered a very cheap package of 10-day free stay in hotels in the valley Swat starting with the New Year 2010 (Ali, 2011). Consequentl y, in the fiscal year 2008-2009, the overall real GDP growth fell to 2 percent9(Ali, 2011). Pakistan ranked 113 out of 130 countries in 2009 as a tourist destination. The low ranking attributes to incidents of terrorism and the lack of a tourism regulatory framework in Pakistan (Ali, 2011). Sources said that some(prenominal) motels in the countrys brash northwest were closed down as tourists were banned from those areas and the provide had migrated to other cities for work10(Ali, 2011).According to Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report 201111, Out of 139 countries, Pakistan has further dropped to the 125 mark as a tourist destination.The Role of Ministry Of Tourism, PTDC, TDCP and other Tourism Development Organisations of PakistanGovernment intervention may be indispensable to enhance the contribution of tourism to socio-economic development and poverty reduction. Of all governments hotshot roles, one is to set policy and legislative frameworks for tourism. The reasons why go vernments should formulate tourism development strategy are firstly the tourist industry has many negative externalities, particularly negative environmental and social rivals that need to be regulated and managed at national or local levels. Secondly, tourism female genitalsnister offer substantial opportunities for local economic development, which can augment the positive effects of tourism on local socio-economic development and poverty reduction. the plan Commission of India has already identified tourism as one of the major vehicles for generating employment and promoting sustainable livelihoods (UNESCAP, 2007, pp. 84-85).12A 2007 UNESCAP shroud highlighted the importance and functioning of public sector in the development of a countrys tourism. As tourism moves up the national agenda, the departments of government dealing with tourism may need to be upgraded and strengthened. To achieve sustainable concern of tourism, tourism ministry staff needs networking, support of colleagues and coordination and in other ministries and in a range of sub national administrations. Such needs emerge because the administration and governance of tourism takes places in localities where tourists and host communities interact, while incentives and regulations aare applied within a framework located down at the national level. The tourism ministries have to be wary to the impact of institutional fragmentation on the governance of tourism. Major decisions or so counseling of cultural and natural assets, planning, labour regulations, environmental impact assessments, tax revenue policy and financial incentives are often the responsibility of other ministries, where there might not be adequate awareness about the impact on tourism plans and policies. The functions of tourism ministries should go beyond marketing and forward motion, regulation tourism businesses and include wider consultation and coordination. For example, the air transport has changed considerab ly in recent years due in part to policy initiatives, such as adding a substantial number of new routes, deregulation of air services and allowing operations by low-cost carriers all of which would aim to gain the number of tourists. Since the economic benefits of tourism are now explicitly evaluated in aviation policy in countries such as Singapore, tourism ministries have to consider the implications for tourism plans, strategies and policies. Tourism ministries can provide the government and its agencies with dogmatic and a good eccentric data, particularly about the effects of different types of tourism on local socio-economic development. The provision of such data can help to substantiate the contribution of tourism and convince policy makers (UNESCAP, 2007, p. 85).13In 2010, the Punjab Resource wariness Program with collaboration of A.F Ferguson Co. prepared a recommendations report to reform the TDCP (Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab). The above mentioned cons ultant firm aided in developing tourism models for various developed and developing countries including Thailand, India, Malaysia, USA, Switzerland and Australia. In all the cases, it was concluded that the public sector of any country is the main driving force for the tourism industry. As mentioned in this report, the functions and duties of Ministry of Tourism were as followsDevelopment Promotion of Tourism in Pakistan.Establishment of Pakistan National Tourism Council.Establishment and publicity of tourists centers in Pakistan and abroad.Development of tourism information centers for the service and guidance of domestic and foreign tourists in Pakistan.Establishment of tourist facilities in tourist potential areas where private sector is reluctant to invest.Regulation and supremacy of tourist industries and associated service.Establishment of International organizations and agreements relating to tourism.Controlling Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation.Promoting Facilitati on of travel in Pakistan for tourists.Development of Tourism and Hotel training lay downs. advance training and research in tourism in Pakistan and abroad.14(A.F Ferguson Co. 2010)However the Ministry has been abolished on June 30th,2011 after the eighteenth amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan ensuring transfer of tourism ministries to the provinces. A.F Ferguson Co. recognized the importance of TDCP in running the tourism industry of Pakistan. The consultants proposed the following roles and functions of TDCP which the organization should adoptEncouraging the tourism activities and industry in the provincePerforming the planning and development of tourism sites whirl one window service to facilitate the touristsOffering assistance to the Tourism and Resort Development discussion sectionFacilitating the organization and promotion of tourism events and activitiesCreating an environment which ensures capacity building in tourism industryEncouraging and facilitating public-pr ivate partnerships.15(A.F Ferguson Co. 2010)As per an epitome of tourism worry of Pakistan, the stated objectives of PTDC are as followsTo establish and develop tourism infrastructure on an all Pakistan basisTo act as an instrument on beone-half of the Federal Government for the production of tourist literature and publicity for tourism both in terms of domestic and international.To act as a catalyst to countenance the private sector to play an active role in tourism development.To undertake tour operations and facilitate ground handling facilities for group tours.PTDC has an administrative structure which is responsible to control and operate all its fight in the tourism sector. These are intend and Development Wing/ applied science Department undertakes identification and implementation of projects concerned with tourism infrastructure such as recreation units, motels, resorts etc.Publicity and Promotion/Marketing Department undertakes the production and publication of touris t literature in foreign and domestic tourist markets.PTDC Motels Ltd carry out the management of all hospitality units operated by PTDC in various tourist destinations in Pakistan.Pakistan Tours Ltd facilitates ground handling and transport facilities for international and domestic tourist groups and also acts as an inbound tour operator.16(Pakistan Research Repository, 2009)The provincial governments of other provinces have not adequately recognize the importance of tourism for which the federal government is partially responsible. As far as only the realization is concerned, after assessing the performance of TDCP and realizing the fact that most of the tourist assets are situated in jurisdiction of NWFP or Khyber Pakhtunkhwaa(KPK), The provincial government of KPK established Sarhad Tourism Corporation (STC) in 1991. The aims and objectives of STC are as followsTo motivate the private sector to step forward and support tourism development in the form of tour operations and accom modation facilities at potentially attractive regionsProvide long-term, leases to private sector for development of properties throughJoint ventures with STCServe as a spring board for prolific interaction between the private sector and Government, PTDC for proper development of tourism industryCooperate with private sector in developing, distributing and sale of quality information and publicity materials.17(Pakistan Research Repository, 2009)The 2007 UNESCAP report also suggested ways how governments can channelize the progress of tourism of a country. Real progress can be facilitated by using a wide range of instruments. numerous of these have been identified by the World Tourism Organization and the fall in Nations Environment Programme and are categorized into measurement instruments which include sustainability indicators and monitor identification of limits, command and control instruments which include legislation, regulation, rules and licensing land use planning and dev elopment control, wilful instruments (guidelines and codes of conduct, reporting and auditing, and voluntary certification), supporting instruments (infrastructure provision and management, capacity-building, and marketing and information services) and economic instruments (pricing, charges and taxation property rights and trading financial incentives and voluntary contributions). The right mix of policies and instruments will vary depending on the situation, objectives and government structures (UNESCAP, 2007, p.84).18The analysis on tourism management sheds light on the fact that over the years, the Ministry of Tourism remained unsuccessful in gaining the respect or confidence of the private sector. Nevertheless, the ministry was not fully empowered to handle the problems faced by tourists since most of the related responsibilities were assigned to other ministries/divisions, hence the focus on the problem solving lacked altogether. Furthermore, lack of funding had serious implic ations (Pakistan Research Repository, 2009) regarding the effective management of the tourism sector (Pakistan Research Repository, 2009). The Ministry of tourism never proved itself to be a source of effective and meaningful data, hence no universal survey on tourism on its credit (Pakistan Research Repository, 2009). As far as PTDC is concerned, serious problems relating to recruitment, training, management style and finances are prevalent. The ministry is not fully responsible for recruiting the personnel. All the staff is not chartered directly by the ministryTherefore a problem of dual management persists as half of the employees (Pakistan Research Repository, 2009) hired by the ministry are generalists whereas half of them hired directly by PTDC acquire inadequate experience. As a result, internal cooperation and coordination lacks among departments hence reporting procedure is also affected. The personnel hired, either by PTDC or Ministry of Tourism are not well instruct an d sufficiently qualified. Ironically over the years a major orchis of funding received from government (Baloch, 2007) has been spent in administration and staff costs. However, considering the training of personnel in the tourism industry, the Government of Pakistan back in December 1960 established a training institute which was initially a cooking school known as Pakistan bestow of Tourism Hotel Management (PITHM). A 2009 HEC Analysis stated the main function and activity of the Institute is to impart knowledge by training manpower for the Travel and Tourism intentness and Hospitality in Pakistan. This is done by seminars, workshops, regular courses and on the job training etc. It cooperates with PIAs training center in Karachi and provides courses for the Pakistan Navy. Furthermore, it offers consultancy services when and where required (Pakistan Research Repository, 2009).19The analysis also remarked on the condition and the performance of this institutionSince its foundatio n the Institute has been located in rented buildings, which could not allow for for the demands of a professional education institute. Hence this has been a major timidity on its effectiveness and its ability to train students to the quantitys indicated in its aims and objectives. Lately the institute has moved to a newly ill-constructed building lacking numerous important facilities and equipment and has yet to resolve many problems to enable it to provide better training and facilities and environment for students and staff.For the last decade, the institution has had no official Director and the current Acting Director has inadequate management or training skills and is not compatible with the requirements of the hospitality industry. The existing staff is de-motivated and unqualified as instructors are entrenched in outdated syllabuses and teaching methods. Resultantly, the image of the school end-to-end the industry is very negative, chiefly due to lack of knowledge as to t he industry needs and what the school can provide.The incapability of the school is further compounded by government controls and establishment employment scales where it is not achievable to attract national or international qualified trainers at adapted private sector levels.20(Pakistan Research Repository, 2009)In June 2011, The National Assembly of Pakistan passed the eighteenth amendment according to which the Ministry of Tourism was devolved into the provinces. In response to this development UNESCO published a report to examine the post- devolvement situation in the culture and tourism sector of Pakistan. According to the findings of this report, a number of stakeholders remarked that culture policies are an instrument for the promotion of creativity and must therefore recognize and incorporate heritage, tradition, crafts, classical and the performing arts. The majority of stakeholders both from the public and private sector supported devolution as they felt it would give e mpowerment to the provincial identities and pride and ownership at grass root level, which was the main purpose of the 18th amendment. The other side of the coin reflects the critical point of view on devolutionary process attributed to the 18th amendment. The stakeholders who hold the particular point of view also include those in the Senate standing(a) Committee on Tourism and Culture. Critiques of the devolutionary process, including those in the Senate Standing Committee on Tourism and Culture, as well as those rising from stakeholder consultations pointed out that the provinces will not be able to harmonize a cohesive cultural heritage instead this will lead to its fragmentation, and increase divisiveness within the country. Similarly some senior government representatives in Islamabad also did not support devolution, pointing out that the provinces lack capacity, resources and funds to completely manage cultural departments. Devolution was feared to not cause inter-provinci al disharmony, but make communication with key donors more difficult, and cause delays in securing technical assistance. It was indeed argued that the Ministry of Culture should remain the focal point and coordinate with the provinces.21The Role of Private SectorThe tourism sector investments in the country are prevail by private sector with the role of public sector in general as a facilitator. Nearly the entire restaurant, hotel, travel agency and tour operator business is in the private sector. Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) is also operating a limited number of hotels and roadside facilities in areas where the private sector has been reluctant. The Department of Tourist Services (DTS) is responsible for maintaining the standard and categorization of hotel industry. A 2012 report by Planning Commission of Pakistan remarked on the tourism development of Pakistan. The Ministry of Tourism looks after the entire public sector interventions including formulation of policies and overseeing the legal and regulatory framework.22The hotel and transport business is in the hands of the private sector, which has not contributed much to meeting the development costs. However the Planning Commission of Pakistan has envisaged to strengthen and regulate the private sector institutions operating in the hotel management and training sector in the 2011-2014 MTDF (Medium Term Development Framework) period. The hotel management and training institutes in the country are not delivering the desired results due to lack of management, regulation and teaching staff. Similarly, the host of private sector institutions providing ticketing and travel courses are not regulated which results in variable standards in the sector. As against the annual training needs of the tourism industry of about 3000 expert staff, the total output of the existing training institutes is only about 500. (Planning Commission, 2012)The Hotel Industry of PakistanAli, et al., (2012) highl ighted the importance of hospitality industry in South Asia and the current state of hospitality industry in PakistanThe Hotel industry is among the top three constituents of the world economy after oil and autos and is growing faster than the petroleum and arms. Its large than agriculture in the U.S.A, automobile industry in Japan and banking in Switzerland. Developing economies of South Asia are in rapid transit towards becoming service economies and therefore competitiveness of hospitality industry is emerging as a crucial factor influencing the overall competitiveness of a country, and Pakistan is no exception to this, where the share of services is increasing. It is unfortunate that instead of growing with international trend, the hospitality industry in Pakistan, co

Carbon Membranes from Polyamideimide and Polyetherimide

century tissue layers from Polyamideimide and PolyetherimideCARBON MEMBRANES FROM POLYAMIDEIMIDE AND POLYETHERIMIDE FOR northward AND METHANE SEPARATION AND ITS PARAMETER STUDYABSTRACT vitamin C tissue layers prep ard from polyamideimide and polyetherimide were under show upvass to find turn up the effects of assorted parameters on tissue layer characteristics. Their properties were analyse to watch its scope in methane purification. Different compositions were tried to find out the optimum polymer composition as well as the optimum pass composition. They were pyrolyzed at various temperatures to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the morphology of the membrane. Efforts incur been made for obtaining a designate centralize distribution as northward and methane lead comparable sizes. Analysis of the micro grammatical construction of membranes using XRD confirms the variations in chain wadding density and d-spacing of polymer chains as a result of a transmut e in pyrolysis temperature. CHN analysis revealed the percentage composition of different elements in the membrane as it was important to function measuring rod of oxygen in the membrane. glaze transition temperature is plant using DSC to confirm perfect blending of polymers. TGA has been do to find out how the polymer composition affects adulteration temperature and to study the chemical changes occurring during pyrolysis. SEM images, both cross section, and pop out pay been taken to analyze condense construction of the membrane.Keywords Polyetherimide, Polyamideimide, Pyrolysis, XRD, SEM, CHN.INTRODUCTION membranes have been astray received as a burnished technology in squander separation processes. This is due to its high reliability, rugged capital investment and low energy usage which overshadow formal torpedo separation techniques such as cryogenic distillation, liquid absorption, wardrobe swing adsorption etc. These established conventional techniques ar c ognise for their complexity in processes and high energy intensity. For this reason, researchers atomic number 18 making efforts for an pick way that promises to give high-cost effectiveness and easy handling (1).Polymer membranes have been widely studied for their application in gas separating units, but they always set about drawbacks like low caloric and chemical stability. Henceforth studies have been foc utilize on atomic number 6 membranes, which are the novel and advanced type of membranes. They have been giving promising results ever since and marked a new benchmark for the selectivity of gasses. Excellent ability to withstand high temperature and chemicals made cytosine membranes a new branch of study for the researchers to follow. (2) blow membranes are fain by pyrolysing polymer membranes. Pyrolysis is the most signifi abidet step in the preparation of coke membrane. in that location are different pyrolysis factors that affect membrane properties. During pyroly sis the parameters like pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, atmospheric condition, soaking time etc. can forge the transport properties of the membrane. These factors are chosen wisely base on the application of the membrane. (3) actual option is the prime factor concerning in preparation of carbon membrane. There are wide varieties of precursor polymers available for preparation of carbon membrane (4). filling of polymer is the important factor as pyrolysis of different polymer gives carbon membrane with but different properties. The precursor polymer should satisfy momentimum criteria such as it should non soften nor liquefies during pyrolysis. It should be able to withstand high temperature (5).Polyamidimides and polyetherimides are world recently studied and are assemble to be giving suitable results due to its high melting point and thermic stability (6). Fuertes and Centeno apply polyetherimide to prepare supported carbon membrane for gas separation (7). They cond ucted gas permeability studies for exclusive gasses as well as for many mixtures of gasses. They to a fault use phenolic resins for their studies (8).Different polymers are always blended to in effect combine the desirable properties of the blending polymers. Gas separation properties of carbon membranes are enhanced while combining different materials. New studies are deprivation on investigating the blending techniques for an optimized result (9).Pore size control is one of the most challenging factors in carbon membrane preparation. due north and methane is having a kinetic diameter of 3.6A and 3.8A respectively (10). So in order to separate them by molecular(a) sieving very narrow concentre distribution has to be obtained. To get very specific pore size, pyrolysis temperature was changed accordingly.Two types of polymers were chosen so as to understand the effect of individual polymer on membrane properties. Membrane parameters such as polymer niggardliness, pyrolysis temp erature were wide-ranging to understand the morphological as well as chemical changes taking orchestrate in the membrane. Comparison of carbon membrane with polymer membrane was carried out, which showed interesting results that can be moreover used to study gas permeation properties of the membranes. Results revealed that these membranes can be used for the separation process of nitrogen from methane.EXPERIMENTALMaterialPolyamideimide (PAI) polymer and Polyetherimide (PEI) polymer which are required for the preparation of polymer membrane were purchased from UTM, Malaysia. N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was the solvent used and it was purchased from Merck deportment Science Private Limited, Mumbai, India. Methanol used for washing was bought from Titan Biotech Limited, Rajasthan, India. acetone was purchased from Merck Specialities Private Limited, Mumbai, India. either reagents were used without any further purification.Polymer Membrane formulationPolymers that were chosen for preparation were polyamideimide and polyetherimide. The solvent used was N-Methyl-2- pyrolidone. The polymer concentration in NMP was varied from 2- 20 wt.% as shown in the control board 1. Different batches of polymer closure were prepared by dissolving the corresponding amount of polymer in 25ml NMP. Polyamideimide-polyetherimide ratio in the solution was varied as 25/75%, 50/50%, 75/25%, 0/100% and prepared different batches accordingly. For eke out dissolution, the solution was unplowed for magnetic stirring for 3 hrs. The temperature was step-upd up to 80oC occasionally for 10 minutes, to avoid undissolved particles in the solution. Later the solution was sonicated in a sonication bath. The solution was then casted on a icing plate using a casting rod. The casting rode that was used has a dimension of 450m. The glass plate was kept in the atmosphere for twain days for evaporation of the solvent. Later it was kept inside a clean oven at 60oC for complete removal of NMP. remand 1 Polymer BatchesSample codificationTotal Polymer (%)PAI/PEI wt percentage (%)PM-01225/75PM-02925/75PM-031225/75PM-041525/75PM-051825/75PM-062025/75Carbon Membrane PreparationPolymer membrane was cut into a rectangular install and transferred into an alumina crucible. It was then kept inside a tubular furnace by VBCC for pyrolysis. It was a horizontal furnace with alumina tube. Nitrogen environment was chosen for pyrolysis. The stream rate of nitrogen was kept at 25ml/min. Polymer membranes with PAI/PEI composition of 25/75% was only further used for making carbon membrane as they showed good geomorphologic stability compared to separate batches.For pyrolysis different communications protocols were followed. The protocols are as shown below,1) 50 to 250 oC at a incline rate of 13.3 Co/min.(2) 250 oC to (Tmax-15) oC at a ramp rate of 3.85 Co/min.(3) (Tmax-15) oC to Tmax oC at a ramp rate of 0.25 Co/min.(4) Soak at Tmax for 2 h. (11)After pyrolysis, it was kept for natural cooling before taking out. The different batches of carbon membranes found on different pyrolysis protocol were prepared as given in the Table 2. Polymer membrane with 9% polymer concentration was the membrane used for perusal different pyrolysis protocols.Table 2 Carbon Membrane BatchesSample canonTotal Polymer (%)Pyrolysis Temperature(oC)CM-012600CM-6009600CM-4509450CM-8009800CM-0312600CM-0415600CM-0518600CM-0620600Characterization of Synthesized MembranesVarious techniques were employed for the characterization of polymer as well as their derivative carbon membranes. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to find out glass transition temperature of polymer membranes and to study the blending of polymers. on a lower floor nitrogen atmosphere, scans from 50 to 450oC at the heating rate of 10oC/min were performed on a DSC Perkin Elmer model 6000.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal degradation of the polymer membranes. Degradation temperatur e of the membrane, as well as the clog deprivation during the process, is analyzed. It was carried out on a TGA Perkin Elmer 4000 model, in nitrogen atmosphere at a flow rate of 30 mL min-1. The temperature range was from 50 up to 750 oC.X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) was used to study the structural changes in membrane due to variation in pyrolysis temperature. Perkin Elmer 1621 wide-angle X-ray diffractometer was the instrument used to study the microstructural changes in membrane. Using Braggs law the average d-spacing of the membrane was evaluated. It is as shown below,n = 2d sin , where n is an integral number, is the X-ray wavelength, d is for the inter-layer spacing between the polymer chains and is the diffraction angle.CHN analysis was conducted to study the variation in the chief(a) composition with pyrolysis temperature. Elementar Vario EL was the equipment used here for analysis. Compostion of oxygen was found using separate apparatus.Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to get pore size of the membrane as well as get a closer image of the membrane. JEOL Model JSM 6390LV is the model used for the analysis.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION physiologic propertiesBoth PAI and PEI met the requirements for preparing carbon membrane with promising results. While matters of PAI in membrane made the membrane to a greater extent brittle, which is due to its aromatic rings, (10) PEI gave structural support to the membrane. So PAI/PEI content was fixed at 25/75% for all the batches later on.As two polymers are used, the miscibility of the precursors has to be well-tried and glass transition temperature of the membrane was taken as the criteria for the evaluation. For the polymer blends, Tg was found to be in between of that of individual polymers. Tg of PEI and PAI are 217C and 280C respectively. And from the Table 3 it is clear that both the polymers are completely miscible and was short blended together.Table 3 Glass Transition TemperatureSample encryptPA I/PEI wt Percentage (%)Glass Transition Temperature (oC)PM-2525/75233PM-5050/50249PM-7575/25265PM-1000/100219Effect of polymer concentration on thermal characteristics Unlike polymer membrane, carbon membrane was thermally and chemically stable. caloric stability is analyzed by TGA. TGA analysis of all polymer membranes is shown in manikin 1. It shows that concentration does not have much effect on degradation temperature of membranes. But it gives an insight into chose the pyrolysis protocol that has to be followed. There are different pyrolysis protocols for preparation of carbon membranes, based on type of precursors used, one protocol is fixed. haoma 1 Thermal analysis of Polymer MembranesFigure 1 illustrates the exercising weight variation of polymer membranes during the heating process up to 800C. According to the TGA thermo-diagram, the degradation temperature (Td) is 550C and was defined as the temperature corresponding to 15% weight loss. This indicates the high thermal resistance of the membrane. The total weight loss at 800C, with 10/min heating rate, was approximately 60%. The enhanced thermal stability of the membrane highlights its quality as a precursor for the preparation of carbon molecular sieve membranes.Effect of polymer concentration on complex body part of membraneFigure 2 XRD of Carbon Membrane of different concentrationsEffect of polymer concentration on construction of carbon membrane is shown in Figure 2. As the concentration of polymer was increased from 2% to 20%, peak intensification took place, resulting in a more compact structure. Pore size was reduced and membrane with higher wadding density is formed.Effect of pyrolysis temperature on microstructure of membraneStructural analysis on carbon membranes was done by obtaining XRD spectra as a function of pyrolysis temperature. As shown in Figure 3, the XRD spectrum for membrane prepared at 450oC is a jointure of two peaks at 22.7o and 18.8o. With increase in pyrolysis temper ature, the peaks joined into a unmarried but intensified peak with a shift toward the smaller pore sizes indicating a decrement in average d-spacing.Figure 3 XRD of Carbon Membrane prepared at different temperaturesd-spacing in carbon membrane refers to interlayer distances, with increase in temperature more compact structures are formed. 800 C was found to be the optimum pyrolysis temperature as membrane having high density and wadding efficiency are formed at this temperature. (1)Effect of pyrolysis temperature on membrane compositionIn order to study how pyrolysis temperature changed the chemical composition of the membrane, elemental analysis has been conducted for both polymers as well as carbon membrane. In Figure 4, the point zero in x-axis corresponds to precursor membrane and it has the final carbon content and they started to increase with increase in pyrolysis temperature. However other elemental contents like oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen was reduced with increase in temperature.Presence of oxygen compounds in the carbon membrane surface can make the membrane more deliquescent and can ride swelling of membranes (11). For the better performance of carbon membrane oxygen content has to be less than 4% (12).When pyrolysis temperature in increased, oxygen content is reduced. Membrane prepared at 800oC has oxygen content less than 4%.So the effect of pyrolysis temperature on hydrophilictiy of the carbon membrane was tested to study the influence of oxygen in the membrane. From the Table 4 it is clear that as pyrolysis temperature is increased, amount of water absorbed is decreased, thus increasing the hydrophobic nature of carbon membranes. This can be explained by the reduction in oxygen containing root in membrane with pyrolysis temperature.Figure 4 Elemental analysis of membranesTable 4 Hydrophilicity of carbon membranesSample-CodePyrolysis Temperature (C)Wet weight of the membrane (g)Dry weight of the membrane (g)Amount of water absorbed (g)CM -4504500.05880.05530.0035CM-6006000.05230.05030.0020CM-8008000.06870.06070.0008Morphology of MembranesThe surface and cross-sectional morphologies of carbon membranes as well as polymer membranes were investigated by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) techniques. issue image of polymer membrane is shown in Figure 6. It shows a smooth and deformity free surface without any deformation. go bad section of the polymer membrane is also shown below. Compared to carbon membrane it does not have uniform pore distribution. All the pores are elongated pores and the membrane formed is very dense. Thickness of polymer membrane was found to be 250m.The honey-comb structure of carbon membrane shows the pore structure in the membrane (Figure 5). It is clear from the image that the membrane is rich in pores and has quite a uniform pore distribution. The membrane was having a sponge-like ground substance unlike polymer membrane. This uniform pore distribution allows carbon membrane to have high selectivity over polymer membrane. (b)Figure 5 SEM images (a) Top surface and (b) Cross section of Carbon Membrane (b)Figure 6 SEM images (a) Top surface and (b) Cross section of PolymerMembrane CONCLUSIONDifferent polymer blends were tried for the preparation of polymer membrane and membranes derived from Polyamideimde/Polyetherimide (25/75wt.%) exhibited more attractive performance than the other blends. Polymer concentration was varied from 2-20% and at 9% it was found to be exhibiting best results. Polymer membranes prepared from PAI/PEI were transparent hydrophilic membranes. Polymer membranes were thermally unstable compared to carbon membrane and were found to have degradation temperature around 450oC. Complete miscibility of both the polymers was confirmed and the glass transition temperature of the polymer membrane was also found.For the preparation of carbon membrane different protocols were followed for pyrolysis, and 800oC was found to be the optimum temperature for py rolysis. Thermal analysis of membrane had conducted, which proved the higher thermal stability of the carbon membrane. Morphological studies shows that carbon membrane prepared at 800oC have desirable pore size compared to other membranes prepared at lower temperatures. XRD studies of the carbon membrane showed that as temperature increases, more compact membranes are obtained, which decreases the permeability of the membrane. All the membranes have shown promising results that can be further investigated for gas separation studies.References1. Carbon membranes from blends of PBI and polyimides for N2/CH4 and CO2/CH4. Seyed Saeid Hosseini, Tai Shung Chung. s.l. Journal of Membrane Science, 2009, Vol. 328. 174-185.2. A review on the latest development of carbon membranes for gas separation. A.F. Ismail, L.I.B. David. s.l. J. Membr. Sci., 2001, Vol. 193. 1.3. Fabrication of carbon membranes for gas separationa review. S.M. Saufi, A.F. Ismail. s.l. Carbon, 2004, Vol. 42. 241-259.4. Gas permeation through micropores of carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from kapton polyimide. Suda H, Haraya K. s.l. Chem B, 1997, Vol. 101. 3988-94.5. DH, Morthon-Jones. Polymer processing. London Chapman and Hal, 1984. Chapter 2.6. Relationship between chemical structure of aromatic polyimides and gas permeation properties of their carbon molecular sieve membranes. H.B. Park, Y.K. Kim, J.M. Lee, S.Y. Lee, Y.M. Lee. s.l. J. Membr. Sci., 2004, Vol. 229. 117.7. Carbon molecular sieve membranes from polyetherimide. Fuertes AB, Centeno TA. s.l. Microporous Mesoporous Mater, 1998, Vol. 26. 23-6.8. Supported carbon molecular sieve membranes based on phenolic resin. Centeno TA, Fuertes AB. s.l. J Membr Sci, 1999, Vol. 160. 201-211.9. Gas separation properties of carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from polyimide/polyvinylpyrrolidone blends effect of the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone. Y.K. Kim, H.B. Park, Y.M. Lee. s.l. of the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrro lidone, 2005, Vol. 251. 159.10. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Dipak Rana, Takeshi Matsuura ,Henry C. Foley. Carbon-based Membranes for insulation Processes. London Springer, 2011.11. Carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from Matrimid polyimide for nitrogen/methane separation. Xue Ning, William J. Koros. s.l. Carbon, 2014, Vol. 66. 5 1 1 5 2 2.12. Interaction, miscibility and phase. E. Fldes, E. Fekete, F.E. Karasz, B. Puknszky. s.l. Polymer, 2000, Vol. 41. 975.13. Gas permeation and micropore structure of carbon molecular sieving membranes modified by oxidation. Kusakabe K, Yamamoto M, Morooka S. s.l. J Membr Sci , 1998, Vol. 149. 59-67.14. Characterization of ultramicroporous carbon membranes with. Jones CW, Koros WJ. s.l. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1995, Vol. 34. 158-163.